Parenting: a genetic-epidemiologic perspective.
Parenting: a genetic-epidemiologic perspective.
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育儿：遗传流行病学的角度。
DOI：
10.1176/ajp.153.1.11
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发表时间：
1996
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Kendler,KS
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Kendler,KS
目的了解父母教养方式与后来的精神病理学之间的关系，阐明遗传和环境因素在父母教养行为的激发和提供中所起的作用是非常重要的。方法对1)606位父亲和848位母亲进行了16个项目的父母亲和力测验，他们是成年女性-女性双胞胎的流行病学样本，他们报告了他们对双胞胎的养育；2)双胞胎(546对同卵和390对异卵)，他们报告了他们从父亲和母亲那里得到的养育方式；3)来自这些双胞胎的同卵双胞胎，他们报告了父母对双胞胎姐妹的养育；4)成年双胞胎中的成员(145对同卵和117对异卵)，他们都有孩子，他们报告了他们为子女提供的育儿方式。对数据进行模型拟合，分解三个变异来源：加性遗传因素；家庭或共同环境；以及个人独特的环境。结果对父母亲和量表的反应产生了三个因素：父母温暖、保护性和权威性。根据父母的说法，这些因素在很大程度上是他们孩子在环境中的一种常见体验。然而，双胞胎的反应表明，遗传因素在从父母那里获得温暖方面发挥了重要作用，在影响父母的保护性和威权主义方面发挥了较小的作用。虽然双胞胎和同卵双胞胎关于保护性和威权主义的报告得出了类似的结果，但对同卵双胞胎的反应分析表明，遗传因素在激发父母温暖方面的重要性程度介于父母报告和双胞胎报告之间。双胞胎作为父母的回答表明，温暖的提供基本上是可遗传的，而双胞胎在提供保护性和威权主义方面的相似之处是由于家庭环境。结论父母的养育方式受到父母家庭态度的影响，也受到遗传影响的父母气质特征的影响。父母教养的启发性受到后代的气质特征的影响，而这些气质特征又受部分基因控制。父母和孩子的遗传因素对于温暖比对于保护性或专制主义更重要。
ObjectiveTo understand the relation between parenting and later psychopathology, it is important to clarify the role of genetic and environmental factors in both the elicitation and the provision of parenting behavior.MethodA 16-item version of the Parental Bonding Instrument was administered to 1) 606 fathers and 848 mothers of an epidemiologic sample of adult female-female twin pairs, who reported on their parenting of their twins; 2) the twins (both members of 546 monozygotic and 390 dizygotic pairs), who reported on the parenting they had received from their father and mother; 3) co-twins from these pairs, who reported on the parenting provided by their father and mother to their twin sister; and 4) members of the adult twin pairs (145 monozygotic and 117 dizygotic) who both had children, who reported on the parenting they provided to their offspring. The data were subjected to model fitting decomposing three sources of variance: additive genetic factors; family, or common, environment; and an individual's unique environment.ResultsResponses to the Parental Bonding Instrument produced three factors: parental warmth, protectiveness, and authoritarianism. According to parents, these factors were largely a common environmental experience for their children. Responses from twins, however, indicated that genetic factors played a substantial role in the elicitation of warmth from parents and a more modest role in influencing parental protectiveness and authoritarianism. While reports of twins and co-twins on protectiveness and authoritarianism yielded similar results, analysis of responses from co-twins indicated a degree of importance of genetic factors in eliciting parental warmth which was midway between that from parents' reports and twins' reports. Answers from twins as parents indicated that provision of warmth was substantially heritable, while resemblance between twins in providing protectiveness and authoritarianism was due to family environment.ConclusionsThe provision of parenting is influenced by attitudes derived from the parent's family of origin as well as by genetically influenced parental temperamental characteristics. The elicitation of parenting is influenced by temperamental traits of the offspring that are, in turn, under partial genetic control. Genetic factors in both parent and child are more important for warmth than for protectiveness or authoritarianism.