The relationships of the sharpbill (Oxyruncus cristatus)
The relationships of the sharpbill (Oxyruncus cristatus)
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尖嘴鸟 (Oxyruncus cristatus) 的关系
DOI：
10.2307/1367344
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发表时间：
1984
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
J. Ahlquist
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
C. G. Sibley;S. Lanyon;J. Ahlquist
- 尖嘴雀 (Oxvruncus cristatus) 是一种新热带亚雀形目鸟类，其亲缘关系尚不清楚。霸王总科的暴君鹟、长尾鹟和侏儒鸟被认为是沙嘴鹟的近亲。沙嘴鸟的放射性碘标记的单拷贝 DNA 与伞鸟、侏儒鸟、霸鹟以及其他新热带超科的代表鸟的 DNA 之间的 DNA-DNA 杂交比较表明，Oxyruncus 是伞鸟。我们将其归入暴龙科 Cotinginae 亚科。尖嘴雀 (Oxyruncus cristatus) 是一种中等体型（约 16 厘米）的亚嘴雀形目鸟类，具有直而尖的喙和短的喙刚毛。成年雄性的冠冕有一个深红色的中心，周围有橄榄色的羽毛，尖端是黑色的。背部呈明亮的橄榄绿色，翅膀和尾巴呈黑色，下体白色，有黑色斑点，侧面呈浅黄绿色。成年雌性的羽毛颜色不如雄性浓烈，冠状条纹也不明显。沙嘴鸟显然在哥斯达黎加、巴拿马、委内瑞拉东南部、圭亚那南部和苏里南、巴西东北部和东南部、巴拉圭南部和秘鲁中部的潮湿山地森林中有不连续的分布范围（Mees 1974，Traylor，1979）。对沙嘴鸟的广泛实地观察尚未有记录，但 Sick (197 1) 回顾了稀疏的文献，并报告了他在巴西多年实地研究期间与该物种的遭遇。他发现，沙嘴鸟最常出现在茂密的高大森林中，尽管它们有时以森林边缘或孤树上的果实为食。水果是主要食物，但在标本的胃中发现了昆虫，西克观察到沙嘴鸟倒挂在树枝上捕捉昆虫幼虫。发声相对简单，与某些科丁加的发声相似。病号发现这些鸟类通常成对或混合成群，由唐纳雀、毛雀、鲫鱼、燕雀、啄木鸟等组成，以果树为食。圈养的沙嘴鸟吃水果并吐出由果皮组成的坚硬颗粒。 Bangs 和 Barbour (1922) 也观察到沙嘴鸟在果树上取食。 Mees (1974) 在苏里南发现它们单独、成对或混合成群。 Wetmore (1972:605) 在巴拿马看到“四五个”在一起，并记录了胃内容物中的蜘蛛、蚂蚁和种子。布鲁克等人。 (1983) 在巴西里约热内卢以北 50 公里的 Serra do Tingua 山地森林中，在一棵 30 米高的树顶附近发现了第一个有记录的沙嘴鸟巢穴。巢由雌性建造，“安放在细长（约 3 厘米）的水平树枝上”，是一个“简单的……浅杯……由大致交错的豆科叶柄……和极少数干树叶组成”。外表面“是一层薄薄的苔藓、苔藓和蜘蛛网……其质地类似于薄纸板，可能是由于唾液的涂抹和随后的干燥而形成的。”雌性通过反流来喂养幼崽，就像科廷加斯一样，而不是像食虫暴龙那样。布鲁克等人。 (1983) 观察了成年沙嘴鸟以 Sick (1971) 所描述的方式进食。
-The Sharpbill (Oxvruncus cristatus) is a Neotropical suboscine passerine whose affinities have been unclear. The tyrant flycatchers, cotingas, and manakins of the superfamily Tyrannoidea have been suggested as the closest relatives of the Sharpbill. DNA-DNA hybridization comparisons between the radioiodine-labeled single-copy DNA of the Sharpbill and the DNAs of cotingas, manakins, tyrant flycatchers, and representatives of the other Neotropical superfamily, the Furnarioidea, indicate that Oxyruncus is a cotinga. We place it in the subfamily Cotinginae, family Tyrannidae. The Sharpbill (Oxyruncus cristatus) is a medium-sized (ca. 16 cm) suboscine passerine with a straight, pointed bill and short rictal bristles. In the adult male the crested crown has a crimson center bordered by olive feathers tipped with black. The back is bright olivegreen, wings and tail blackish, underparts white with black spots, and the flanks pale greenishyellow. The plumage colors of the adult female are less intense than those of the male and the coronal stripe is inconspicuous. The Sharpbill apparently has a discontinuous range in the humid montane forests of Costa Rica, Panama, southeastern Venezuela, southern Guyana and Surinam, northeastern and southeastern Brazil, southern Paraguay, and central Peru (Mees 1974, Traylor, 1979). Extensive field observations of the Sharpbill have not been recorded but Sick (197 1) reviewed the sparse literature and reported on his encounters with the species during his many years of field studies in Brazil. He found that Sharpbills tend to occur most often in dense tall forest, although they sometimes feed on fruits at the forest edge or in solitary trees. Fruits are the principal food but insects have been found in the stomachs of specimens and Sick observed Sharpbills hanging upside down from twigs to capture insect larvae. The vocalizations are relatively simple and similar to those of certain cotingas. Sick found the birds most often in pairs and in mixed flocks of tanagers, furnariids, troupials, cotingas, woodpeckers, etc. feeding on fruiting trees. A captive Sharpbill ate fruits and cast hard pellets composed of the skins. Bangs and Barbour (1922) also observed Sharpbills feeding in fruiting trees with cotingas; Mees (1974) found them solitary, in pairs, and in mixed bird swarms in Surinam. Wetmore (1972:605) saw “four or five” together in Panama and recorded spiders, ants, and seeds from stomach contents. Brooke et al. (1983) found the first recorded nest of the Sharpbill near the top of a 30-m tree in the montane forest of the Serra do Tingua, 50 km north of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The nest, which was built by the female, was “saddled onto a slender (ca. 3 cm) horizontal branch” and was a “simple . . . shallow cup . . . composed of roughly interlaced leguminous petioles . . . and a very few dry leaves.” The outer surface “was a thin coat of mosses, liverworts, and spider’s web. . . with a texture akin to thin cardboard, possibly resulting from the application and subsequent drying of saliva.” The female fed the young by regurgitation, as do cotingas, rather than as in insectivorous tyrannids. Brooke et al. (1983) observed adult Sharpbills feeding in the ways described by Sick (1971).