The spread of marine non-indigenous species via recreational boating: A conceptual model for risk assessment based on fault tree analysis
The spread of marine non-indigenous species via recreational boating: A conceptual model for risk assessment based on fault tree analysis
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DOI：
10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2009.03.026
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发表时间：
2009-07-17
影响因子：
3.1
通讯作者：
Forrest, Barrie M.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Acosta, Hernando;Forrest, Barrie M.
游船活动日益被认为是海洋环境中非本地物种（NIS）传播的重要途径。对休闲船造成的风险的研究主要集中在外部船体污垢上，但许多研究表明，NIS也可能通过一系列其他船舶部件转移。本文使用故障树分析作为一个框架，以整合来自国际专家小组的输入，以阐明从娱乐船的不同组件引入NIS必须发生的连续步骤。我们的概念模型揭示了入侵过程的复杂性，即使只考虑“释放”阶段（即NIS从受感染的血管释放到一个新的区域）。该模型强调，除了“船体”（船体、方向舵和螺旋桨）的外部污垢外，重要的船舶部件还可能包括污垢、沉积物或甲板上释放的水、内部空间、锚和渔具/潜水装置。这些组件的重要程度取决于具体情况，取决于船舶的属性、位置和NIS。因此，可以修改或简化这里描述的综合模型，以反映与特定情况相关的属性。我们用三个NIS的例子来证明这一原理：殖民地被囊动物Didemnum vexillum和亚洲海带Undaria pinnatifida，它们都是在新西兰纳尔逊港通过船只媒介传播后建立的，以及在港口的船体上检测到的棒状被囊动物Styela clava，但目前尚不清楚是否已经建立。尽管对故障树中确定的一些事件进行建模和评估是困难的或不现实的，但是为了提供一个全面的风险评估工具，承认它们是很重要的。即使风险在很大程度上是未知的、难以量化的或反映随机事件的，这也不一定排除管理干预。(C) 2009 Elsevier B.V.版权所有
Recreational vessel movements are increasingly recognised as an important pathway for the spread of non-indigenous species(NIS) in marine environments. Research on risks posed by recreational vessels has focused on external hull fouling, yet a number of studies reveal the potential for NIS to also be transferred by a range of other vessel components. This paper uses fault tree analysis as a framework for incorporating input from a panel of international experts, to elucidate the consecutive steps that must occur for NIS to be introduced from different components of recreational boats. Our conceptual model reveals the complexity of the invasion process even when only the 'release' phase is considered (i.e. the release of NIS from an infected vessel into a new area). The model highlights that, in addition to external fouling of the 'hull'(hull, rudder and propeller), important vessel components may also include fouling, sediment or water released from the deck, internal spaces, anchors and fishing/diving gear. The extent to which these components are important is situation-specific, and depends on attributes of the vessel, location and NIS present. Hence, the comprehensive model described here could be modified or simplified to reflect the attributes that are relevant to particular circumstances. We demonstrate this principle using examples of three NIS: the colonial tunicate Didemnum vexillum and the Asian kelp Undaria pinnatifida that both have established in Port Nelson New Zealand after vessel-mediated spread, and the clubbed tunicate Styela clava that was detected on a vessel hull in the port but is not known to have established. Although the modelling and assessment of some of the events identified in the fault trees would be difficult or unrealistic, it is important to acknowledge them in order to provide a comprehensive risk assessment tool. Even where risks are largely unknown, difficult to quantify, or reflect stochastic events, this does not necessarily preclude management intervention. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.