A History of Dry Cleaners and Sources of Solvent Releases from Dry Cleaning Equipment
A History of Dry Cleaners and Sources of Solvent Releases from Dry Cleaning Equipment
复制标题
干洗机的历史和干洗设备溶剂释放的来源
DOI：
10.1006/enfo.2002.0079
复制
发表时间：
2002
影响因子：
1.8
通讯作者：
Jo Lohman
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Jo Lohman
目前，美国约有 25, 000-35, 000 家干洗设施在运营。这些设施释放的全氯乙烯和其他溶剂是土壤和地下水污染的主要来源。出于所有实际目的，干洗溶剂从干洗设备中逸出的方式与氯化溶剂和石油烃溶剂相同，并且与以下事件之一有关：干洗系统组件的灾难性故障、干洗设备的安装、操作或维护不当或所有这些原因的组合。可接受的海关、法规和法规还可以规定在特定时间范围内特定社区、地理区域的干洗设施的运营授权。涉及干洗店溶剂释放来源的环境诉讼往往集中于干洗行业机器的设计和制造，例如洗衣机、洗衣机脱水机、滚筒、溶剂过滤器、水分离器、蒸馏器和去污板。对干洗店日常运营的彻底分析往往会发现，维护不善、不遵守制造商的说明以及操作人员的行为是最有可能造成土壤和地下水污染的原因。为了从法证上评估溶剂释放最可能的来源并检查有关责任的问题，有必要彻底了解干洗的历史并对干洗设备的操作和维护进行详细分析。在干洗厂附近发现溶剂羽流可能表明溶剂来源是干洗厂；然而，这些羽流的存在并不一定表明干洗设备的设计或制造存在缺陷。对干洗厂生命周期内使用的设备类型和可验证的溶剂里程记录的彻底审查经常表明，工厂操作员已将溶剂和受污染的固体排放到市政下水道或地面上。
Approximately 25, 000-35, 000 dry cleaning facilities currently operate in the U.S. The release of perchloroethylene and other solvents from these establishments represents a major source of soil and groundwater contamination. The manner in which dry cleaning solvents escape from dry cleaning plants is, for all practical purposes, identical for chlorinated and petroleum hydrocarbon solvents and is related to one of the following events: the catastrophic failure of a component of the dry cleaning system, the improper installation, operation or maintenance of the dry cleaning equipment or a combination of all of these causes. Acceptable customs, codes and regulations can also dictate what is authorized for operation of a dry cleaning facility in a particular community, geographic area during a particular time frame. Environmental litigation dealing with the origin of a solvent release from dry cleaners tends to focus on the design and manufacture of dry cleaning industry machines such as washers, washer extractors, tumblers, solvent filters, water separators, stills and spotting boards. A thorough analysis of the daily operations of dry cleaners often reveals that poor maintenance, failure to follow the manufacturer's instructions and the actions of the operator are the most likely causes of soil and groundwater pollution. In order to forensically evaluate the most probable origins of a solvent release and to examine issues regarding liability, a thorough understanding of the history of dry cleaning and a detailed analysis of the operation and maintenance of the dry cleaning equipment are necessary. The discovery of solvent plumes in the vicinity of dry cleaning plants may suggest that the solvent source is the dry cleaning plant; however, the presence of these plumes does not necessarily indicate that the dry cleaning equipment was defectively designed or manufactured. A thorough review of the type of equipment used over the life of the dry cleaning plant and verifiable solvent mileage records frequently indicates that operators of the plant have disposed of solvent and contaminated solids into the municipal sewer or on ground surfaces.