Characterization of speciated aerosol direct radiative forcing over California
Characterization of speciated aerosol direct radiative forcing over California
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DOI：
10.1029/2012jd018364
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发表时间：
2013-03
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Chun Zhao;L. Ruby Leung;R. Easter;J. Hand;J. Avise
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Chun Zhao;L. Ruby Leung;R. Easter;J. Hand;J. Avise
WRF‐Chem模式，具有诊断单个气溶胶物种的直接辐射强迫的附加能力，用于表征加州上空的气溶胶直接辐射强迫的空间和季节分布。总体而言，在2005年的模拟能够再现观测到的空间和季节分布的总PM2.5质量浓度和相对贡献，从个别气溶胶物种。在加州的全州平均水平上，所有气溶胶种类都减少了地表净辐射通量，总减少量约为1.5 W m−2（冬季最小值）至3 W m−2（夏季最大值）。元素碳（EC）是夏季最大的贡献者（-1.1 W m−2和~35%），硫酸盐是冬季最大的贡献者（-0.45 W m−2和~30%）。在大气中，总气溶胶产生约0.5 W m−2（冬季最小值）至2 W m−2（夏季最大值）的变暖效应。EC和灰尘分别贡献了整个季节总变暖的75 - 95%和1 - 10%。在大气层顶部（TOA），总的气溶胶直接辐射效应是在整个季节中冷却-1.0 W m−2，其中硫酸盐是最大的贡献者，从-0.4 W m−2（冬季最小值）到-0.7 W m−2（夏季最大值）。EC产生的TOA变暖高达约0.7 W m−2，而所有其他气溶胶物种产生TOA冷却。在WRF‐Chem中实现的诊断方法可以应用于其他地区，以了解不同气溶胶在直接辐射强迫和区域气候中的作用。
The WRF‐Chem model, with the added capability of diagnosing the direct radiative forcing of individual aerosol species, is used to characterize the spatial and seasonal distribution of speciated aerosol direct radiative forcing over California. Overall, the simulation in 2005 is able to reproduce the observed spatial and seasonal distribution of total PM2.5 mass concentration and the relative contribution from individual aerosol species. On statewide average over California, all aerosol species reduce the surface net radiation fluxes, with a total by about 1.5 W m−2 (winter minimum) to 3 W m−2 (summer maximum). Elemental carbon (EC) is the largest contributor in summer (−1.1 W m−2 and ~35%), and sulfate is the largest in winter (−0.45 W m−2 and ~30%). In the atmosphere, total aerosol introduces a warming effect of about 0.5 W m−2 (winter minimum) to 2 W m−2 (summer maximum). EC and dust contribute about 75 − 95% and 1 − 10% of the total warming through the seasons, respectively. At the top of the atmosphere (TOA), the overall total aerosol direct radiative effect is cooling of −1.0 W m−2 through the seasons, with sulfate as the biggest contributor of −0.4 W m−2 (winter minimum) to −0.7 W m−2 (summer maximum). EC produces a TOA warming of up to about 0.7 W m−2, whereas all other aerosol species produce a TOA cooling. The diagnostic method implemented in WRF‐Chem can be applied to other regions to understand the roles of different aerosols in the direct radiative forcing and regional climate.