Memory: organization of brain systems and cognition.
Memory: organization of brain systems and cognition.
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记忆：大脑系统和认知的组织。
DOI：
10.1101/sqb.1990.055.01.096
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发表时间：
1990
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Suzuki,WA
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Squire,LR;Zola-Morgan,S;Cave,CB;Haist,F;Musen,G;Suzuki,WA
认知神经科学是脑科学的一部分，涉及高级皮质功能的功能组织和神经基质，例如感知，注意力，语言，记忆，解决问题和行动组织。在这些不同的主题中，记忆的主题一直是实验研究的一个特别富有成果的目标。目前，记忆研究正受益于许多层次的分析方法，从突触可塑性的细胞和分子机制研究到大脑系统和行为研究。细胞和分子方法解决了神经元如何表现出历史依赖性活动的问题。系统层面的问题涉及更全面的分析层面：内存是如何组织的？记忆是一种还是多种？记忆储存在哪里？记忆的结构和联系是什么？它们起什么作用？一个有用的策略是询问系统层面的记忆问题，研究相对选择性记忆障碍的实例。在这种情况下，特别是在人类患者中，对缺陷的分析可以提供有关受损系统的正常功能和正常记忆组织的有用信息。此外，研究人类记忆障碍的动物模型，特别是最近开发的猴子失忆症模型，可以识别构成受损系统的解剖结构和连接。以下各节总结了从这一做法中学到的经验。首先，我们考虑人类健忘症的主要缺陷的性质：学习新材料的能力受损。其次，我们讨论了从逆行性遗忘症的分析中所学到的关于记忆的知识，即在记忆障碍发生之前所获得的材料的丢失。第三，我们回顾了人类记忆障碍的范围和限制，重点是重要的发现，即使是严重的健忘症患者在某些学习和记忆方面也是完全正常的。最后，我们考虑最近在猴子身上的工作，在过去的十年里，它成功地建立了人类健忘症的动物模型。有了这个动物模型，就有可能确定构成内侧颞叶记忆系统的结构和连接。
Cognitive neuroscience is that part of the brain sciences concerned with the functional organization and neural substrates of higher cortical functions, eg, perception, attention, language, memory, problem solving, and the organization of action. Among these diverse topics, the topic of memory has been a particularly fruitful target of experimental inquiry. Work on memory is currently benefiting from approaches at many levels of analysis, from studies of cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying synaptic plasticity to studies of brain systems and behavior. Cellular and molecular approaches address questions about how neurons exhibit history-dependent activity. Systemslevel questions address a more global level of analysis: How is memory organized? Is there one kind of memory or many? Where are memories stored? What are the structures and connections involved in memory and what jobs do they do?One useful strategy for asking systems-level questions about memory is to study instances of relatively selective memory impairment. In such cases, particularly in human patients, an analysis of the deficit can provide useful information about the normal function of the damaged system and about the organization of normal memory. In addition, study of animal models of human memory impairment, especially a recently developed model of amnesia in the monkey, can identify the anatomical structures and connections that comprise the damaged system. The sections that follow summarize what has been learned from such an approach. First, we consider the nature of the primary deficit in human amnesia: impaired ability to learn new material. Second, we discuss what has been learned about memory from the analysis of retrograde amnesia, ie, the loss of material acquired before the onset of memory impairment. Third, we review the scope and limits of human memory impairment, focusing on the important finding that even severely amnesic patients are entirely normal at some kinds of learning and memory. Finally, we consider recent work in monkeys, which has been successful during the past decade in establishing an animal model of human amnesia. With this animal model, it has been possible to identify the structures and connections that comprise the medial temporal lobe memory system.