The power of environmental norms: marine plastic pollution and the politics of microbeads
The power of environmental norms: marine plastic pollution and the politics of microbeads
复制标题
DOI：
10.1080/09644016.2018.1449090
复制
发表时间：
2018-01-01
影响因子：
5.5
通讯作者：
Dauvergne, Peter
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Dauvergne, Peter
当危害的科学证据得到巩固，当行动主义得到加强，当政治和企业的抵制相对较弱时，新兴的环境规范就会得到加强，传播得更快。自2012年以来，反微珠规范（即塑料微珠应从个人护理产品中去除）已获得全球影响力;见证了反微珠行动主义，公众关注，自愿企业逐步淘汰和政府禁令的激增。到2018年，世界有望在十年内消除冲洗产品中的微珠，将流入海洋的微塑料减少1- 2%。这证实了环境规范的力量，但这种逐步淘汰是如何以及为什么发生的--各管辖区之间的不平等，企业制造漏洞，错过最后期限并限制改革范围--也揭示了自下而上的临时规范扩散作为改善海洋治理的一种方式的固有弱点。当经济风险很高、解决方案复杂而昂贵、权力分散在不同管辖区以及企业阻力很大时，这些弱点就更加突出。
Emerging environmental norms gain strength and diffuse more quickly when scientific evidence of harm is consolidating, when activism is intensifying, and when political and corporate resistance is relatively weak. The anti-microbead norm - that plastic microbeads should be removed from personal care products - has been gaining global influence since 2012; witness the upsurge in anti-microbead activism, public concern, voluntary corporate phasedowns and governmental bans. By 2018, the world was on track to eliminate microbeads from rinse-off' products within a decade, reducing microplastics flowing into oceans by 1-2%. This confirms the power of environmental norms, but how and why this phaseout is occurring - unequally across jurisdictions, with firms creating loopholes, missing deadlines and limiting the scope of reforms - also reveals innate weaknesses of bottom-up, ad hoc norm diffusion as a way of improving marine governance. These weaknesses are heightened when economic stakes are high, solutions are complex and costly, authority is fragmented across jurisdictions and corporate resistance is strong.