Sustainability of mega water diversion projects: Experience and lessons from China
Sustainability of mega water diversion projects: Experience and lessons from China
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大型调水工程的可持续性：中国的经验与教训
DOI：
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.006
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发表时间：
2018
影响因子：
9.8
通讯作者：
Wang Chunyan
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Yu Min;Wang Chaoran;Liu Yi;Olsson Gustaf;Wang Chunyan
水的可利用性和需水量在时间和空间上的分布并不均匀。许多大型调水工程已经启动，以缓解中国的水资源短缺。本文运用统计分析方法，分析了中国59个特大调水工程的时空特征。利用网络分析方法测度了9个主要流域之间的关系，并利用影响分析方法探讨了相关的经济、环境和社会影响。研究发现，中国调水事业的发展经历了从起步期到高速发展期四个阶段。近50年来，引水通道长度和引水量均有显著增加。截至2015年，中国通过1.6万公里的渠道调水超过1000亿立方米。这些项目覆盖了中国一半以上的省份。长江流域现在是最大的调水来源地。通过跨流域调水，中国获得了国内生产总值增长4%的机会。然而，建设成本超过1500亿美元，比其他任何国家都要高。单位调水平均成本随时间和规模的增加而增加，但从西部到东部呈下降趋势。此外，每年抽水总能耗超过500亿千瓦时，相关温室气体排放量估计为4800万吨。值得注意的是，引水引起的生态问题影响到汉江和黄河流域。由于调水，50多万人被迫离开家园。为了提高调水的可持续性，为决策者提供了四种创新措施：国家调水指南、流域综合管理、经济激励和事后评价。
Water availability and water demand are not evenly distributed in time and space. Many mega water diversion projects have been launched to alleviate water shortages in China. This paper analyzes the temporal and spatial features of 59 mega water diversion projects in China using statistical analysis. The relationship between nine major basins is measured using a network analysis method, and the associated economic, environmental and social impacts are explored using an impact analysis method. The study finds the development of water diversion has experienced four stages in China, from a starting period through to a period of high-speed development. Both the length of water diversion channels and the amount of transferred water have increased significantly in the past 50 years. As of 2015, over 100 billion m3of water was transferred in China through 16,000 km in channels. These projects reached over half of China's provinces. The Yangtze River Basin is now the largest source of transferred water. Through inter-basin water diversion, China gains the opportunity to increase Gross Domestic Product by 4%. However, the construction costs exceed 150 billion US dollars, larger than in any other country. The average cost per unit of transferred water has increased with time and scale but decreased from western to eastern China. Furthermore, annual total energy consumption for pumping exceeded 50 billion kilowatt-hours and the related greenhouse gas emissions are estimated to be 48 million tons. It is worth noting that ecological problems caused by water diversion affect the Han River and Yellow River Basins. Over 500 thousand people have been relocated away from their homes due to water diversion. To improve the sustainability of water diversion, four kinds of innovative measures have been provided for decision makers: national diversion guidelines, integrated water basin management, economic incentives and ex-post evaluation.