Hiding in plain sight: Shellfish-killing phytoplankton in Washington State
Hiding in plain sight: Shellfish-killing phytoplankton in Washington State
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DOI：
10.1016/j.hal.2021.102032
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发表时间：
2021-06-07
期刊：
影响因子：
6.6
通讯作者：
Trainer, Vera L.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
King, Teri L.;Nguyen, Nancy;Trainer, Vera L.
夏季双壳贝类死亡已观察到普吉湾近世纪，试图了解和减轻这些损失只取得了部分成功。同样，对引发贝类死亡的环境条件和成功的缓解战略的理解也不完整。在文献中，浮游植物在华盛顿州夏季贝类死亡中只起了粗略的作用，因为产卵压力和细菌被认为是主要原因。近年来，SoundToxins研究和监测伙伴关系记录了Protoceratium reticulatum（Claparede & Lachmann）Buetschli和Akashiwo sanguocuum（Hirasaka）汉森& Moestrup的发生，其数量和持续时间不断增加，并与普吉湾多个地点的贝类健康或死亡率下降有关。这些物种的水华主要发生在夏季，并已被证明会导致美国和世界其他地区贝类的大量死亡。在2016-2017年，在普吉湾的几种双壳贝类中测量了Yessotoxins（YTX），蓝贻贝中的最大浓度为2.20 mg/kg，低于欧盟为保护人类健康而制定的3.75 mg/kg的监管限值，但记录显示在世界其他地方会导致贝类死亡。在2019年7月，P. reticulatum的爆发恰逢夏季贝类死亡事件，涉及压力，张开的马尼拉蛤的戏剧性浮出水面，这表明YTX可能是原因。在它们的组织中测得的YTX浓度最高为0.28 mg/kg，这些蛤的组织学显示消化腺受损。在这一大规模水华和贝类死亡事件期间从北湾分离的网状拟杆菌培养物显示，YTX达到26.6 pg/细胞，这是迄今为止在美国测量的最高记录毒素配额。2019年8月13日，神秘湾的网状网囊藻水华期间，浮游植物样本中的YTX浓度达到最高值920纳克/升，当时细胞丰度达到182万细胞/升。在持续到9月的水华期间，最高的细胞YTX配额在2019年9月3日为10.8 pg/cell。华盛顿州的贝类生产商也注意到了由于A.血液通过过滤系统进入孵化设施。通过SoundToxins等伙伴关系，对普吉特海湾存在的杀死贝类的有害藻华（HAB）发出早期预警，为贝类种植者提供选择，通过早期收获、将贝类转移到高地设施或加强水产养殖设施的过滤来减轻其影响。
Summer bivalve shellfish mortalities have been observed in Puget Sound for nearly a century and attempts to understand and mitigate these losses have been only partially successful. Likewise, the understanding of the environmental conditions triggering shellfish mortalities and successful strategies for their mitigation are incomplete. In the literature, phytoplankton have played only a cursory role in summer shellfish mortalities in Washington State because spawning stress and bacteria were thought to be the primary causes. In recent years, the occurrence of Protoceratium reticulatum (Claparede & Lachmann) Buetschli and Akashiwo sanguinea (Hirasaka) Hansen & Moestrup, have been documented by the SoundToxins research and monitoring partnership in increasing numbers and duration and have been associated with declining shellfish health or mortality at various sites in Puget Sound. Blooms of these species occur primarily in summer months and have been shown to cause mass mortalities of shellfish in the U.S. and other parts of the world. In 2016-2017, yessotoxins (YTX) were measured in several species of Puget Sound bivalve shellfish, with a maximum concentration of 2.20 mg/kg in blue mussels, a value below the regulatory limit of 3.75 mg/kg established by the European Union for human health protection but documented to cause shellfish mortalities in other locations around the world. In July 2019, a bloom of P. reticulatum coincided with a summer shellfish mortality event, involving a dramatic surfacing of stressed, gaping Manila clams, suggesting that YTX could be the cause. YTX concentrations in their tissues were measured at a maximum of 0.28 mg/kg and histology of these clams demonstrated damage to digestive glands. A culture of P. reticulatum, isolated from North Bay during this massive bloom and shellfish mortality event, showed YTX reaching 26.6 pg/cell, the highest recorded toxin quota measured in the U.S. to date. Concentrations of YTX in phytoplankton samples reached a maximum of 920 ng/L during a P. reticulatum bloom in Mystery Bay on 13 August 2019 when cell abundance reached 1.82 million cells/L. The highest cellular YTX quota during that bloom that lasted into September was 10.8 pg/cell on 3 Sept 2019. Shellfish producers in Washington State have also noted shellfish larvae mortalities due to A. sanguinea passing through filtration intake systems into hatchery facilities. Early warning of shellfish-killing harmful algal bloom (HAB) presence in Puget Sound, through partnerships such as SoundToxins, provides options for shellfish growers to mitigate their effects through early harvest, movement of shellstock to upland facilities, or enhanced filtration at aquaculture facilities.