Firstborns' behaviors during a mother's second pregnancy.
Firstborns' behaviors during a mother's second pregnancy.
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母亲第二次怀孕期间长子的行为。
DOI：
10.1097/00006199-199511000-00007
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发表时间：
1995
期刊：
影响因子：
2.5
通讯作者：
Janet Baillies
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
L. Gottlieb;Janet Baillies
对80名学龄前孕妇和非孕妇子女的苦恼和自主行为进行了调查。四组独生子女参加了研究：三组20名儿童的准妈妈谁是在他们的早期，中期或晚期怀孕阶段和一个比较组的20名儿童的非准妈妈。各组在年龄（年轻：18至36个月;老年：37至60个月）和性别方面保持平衡。在12周时，年轻的头胎女孩比年轻的男孩或年龄较大的女孩和男孩更依赖。第一次在中期妊娠组更依赖在20周比在24和28周，然而，男孩的反应更多的分离，并表示更多的愤怒比女孩。在怀孕后期，男孩对分离的反应比女孩更消极，只是在28周时。年长的第一胎通常比年轻的第一胎更自主;然而，到怀孕第32周时，两组没有差异。与对照组的儿童相比，早孕组的儿童对分离的反应较少，中孕组的儿童在24周和28周时的依赖性较低。在怀孕38周时，怀孕后期的男孩对分离的反应比对照组男孩少，表达的愤怒也少。在对照组和怀孕组中，怀孕后期的女孩比男孩更愤怒。
Distress and autonomy behaviors were examined in 80 preschool children of pregnant mothers and nonexpectant mothers. Four groups of only children participated: three groups of 20 children of expectant mothers who were in their early, middle, or late stages of pregnancy and a comparison group of 20 children of nonexpectant mothers. The groups were balanced for age (young: 18 to 36 months; old: 37 to 60 months) and sex. At 12 weeks, young firstborn girls were more dependent than either young boys or older girls and boys. Firstborns in the middle pregnancy group were more dependent at 20 weeks than at 24 and 28 weeks; however, boys reacted more to separation and expressed more anger than did girls. During the late phase of pregnancy, boys reacted to separation more negatively than girls did only at 28 weeks. Old firstborns were generally more autonomous than young firstborns; however, by the 32nd week of pregnancy, the groups did not differ. Compared with children in the comparison group, those in the early pregnancy group showed fewer reactions to separation, and those in the middle pregnancy group were less dependent at 24 and 28 weeks. At 38 weeks of pregnancy, late pregnancy boys reacted less to separation and expressed less anger than did comparison group boys. Late pregnancy girls were angrier than boys in both the comparison and pregnancy groups.