Resilience Theory and Wicked Problems
Resilience Theory and Wicked Problems
复制标题
复原力理论和棘手问题
DOI：
--
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发表时间：
2020
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
R. Craig
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
R. Craig
这篇文章认为，首先，韧性理论为我们理解邪恶问题提供了重要的见解，其次，要理解韧性理论对邪恶问题的价值，我们应该从Rittel和Webber 1973年描绘的“邪恶问题”的十个特征的背景开始。事实上，里特尔和韦伯是研究人员中的先锋，他们开始清楚地认识到，社会和生态系统--现在的社会生态系统，或称SESS--并不遵循牛顿物理学的可预测和机械规则。因此，SESS不会屈服于以工程为基础的“解决方案”，以满足当代的优先事项和愿望，至少从长远来看是这样。相反，与韧性理论家一样，尽管缺乏韧性理论的词汇，里特尔和韦伯承认，变化是社会和生态系统的常态，复杂适应性社会生态系统的现实使规划和管理变得不可能。
然而，在近50年后重读里特尔和韦伯时，拆分社会反复无常和生态泛政府主义的混合变得有用，对他们来说，这两者加在一起就是解决社会问题的“邪恶”。社会反复无常--社会的优先事项和愿望可以随着时间的推移而变化，并随着选举等政治事件的变化而变化--已成为“邪恶”更容易被接受的组成部分；几乎没有人再指望社会“解决方案”会无限期地持续下去。然而，对持续的、往往不可预测的变化的同样接受，还没有转化为邪恶问题的生态方面--这正是为什么韧性理论可以帮助21世纪的公民制定更有成效的方法来解决这些问题。
This Article posits, first, that resilience theory offers important insights into our understanding of wicked problems and, second, that to understand the value of resilience theory to wicked problems, we should start by going back to the context of Rittel’s and Webber’s 1973 delineation of the ten characteristics of a “wicked problem.” Rittel and Webber were in fact among the vanguard of researchers beginning to articulate the realization that social and ecological systems — now social-ecological systems, or SESs — do not follow the predictable and mechanistic rules of Newtonian physics. As a result, SESs do not yield, at least not over the long term, to engineering-based “solutions” designed to satisfy contemporary priorities and desires. Instead, like resilience theorists, although lacking resilience theory’s vocabulary, Rittel and Webber acknowledged that change is the norm for both social and ecological systems and that the realities of complex adaptive social-ecological systems make “once and done” planning and management impossible.
In re-reading Rittel and Webber almost 50 years later, however, it becomes useful to pull apart the blending of social capriciousness and ecological panarchy that for them together added up to “wickedness” in social problem solving. Social capriciousness — the fact that social priorities and desires can both evolve over time and flip in response to political events such as elections — has become the far more accepted component of “wickedness”; few anymore expect social “solutions” to persist indefinitely. However, that same acceptance of continual, often unpredictable, change has not yet translated to the ecological side of wicked problems — which is precisely why resilience theory can help 21st-century citizens to formulate more productive approaches to those problems.
DOI：
10.1073/pnas.1906247116
发表时间：
2019-10-01
影响因子：
11.1
作者：
Garmestani, Ahjond;Ruhl, J. B.;Allen, Craig R.
通讯作者：
Allen, Craig R.