Travel epidemiology -: a global perspective
Travel epidemiology -: a global perspective
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DOI：
10.1016/s0924-8579(02)00293-5
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发表时间：
2003-02-01
影响因子：
10.8
通讯作者：
Ba単os, A
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Steffen, R;deBernardis, C;Ba単os, A
为了合理地采取必要的预防措施，必须了解健康风险。每年前往非洲、亚洲、拉丁美洲、太平洋岛屿和东欧偏远地区的8 000万旅行者接触到在国内很少遇到的各种病原体。风险取决于所访问地区的流行程度、停留时间、个人行为和所采取的预防措施。旅行者腹泻（TD）是前往卫生条件差的国家的游客最常见的疾病。在国外的前2周内发病率为25-90%。来自高风险国家的旅行者患TD的风险要小得多，因为他们产生了一些免疫力。疟疾是前往疟疾流行地区的旅行者面临的一个重大风险。如果不采取化学预防措施，某些目的地的月发病率很高，其中包括经常访问的热带非洲，那里80-95%的感染是由于恶性疟原虫。在间日疟原虫占优势的亚洲和拉丁美洲的大多数流行地区，发病率较低。在南美洲和东南亚的所有首都城市以及任何经常访问的旅游目的地，风险为零。可通过免疫预防的疾病将在另一篇论文中讨论（疫苗接种的优先事项;第175页）。性传播疾病经常发生，因为一些旅行者（5%的欧洲人）进行随意的性行为，其中约一半没有避孕套。艾滋病毒感染、梅毒、淋病等的流行率在妓女中往往超过50%。在一些欧洲国家，新感染艾滋病毒的异性恋者中有很大一部分是在国外感染的。(C)2002年Elsevier Science B. V.和国际化疗学会。All rights reserved.
In order to have a rational approach to necessary preventive measures it is essential to know the health risks. The 80 million travellers each year with destinations in Africa, Asia, Latin America, Pacific Islands and remote areas in Eastern Europe are exposed to a broad range of pathogens that are rarely encountered at home. The risk depends on the degree of endemicity in the area visited, the duration of stay, the individual behaviour and the preventive measures taken. Travellers' diarrhoea (TD) is the most frequent ailment of visitors to countries with poor hygiene. The incidence rate is 25-90% in the first 2 weeks abroad. The risk of TD is far less in travellers originating in a high risk country, as some immunity develops. Malaria is an important risk for travellers going to endemic areas. Without chemoprophylaxis, the monthly incidence is high in some destinations, among them frequently visited tropical Africa where 80-95% of the infections are due to Plasmodium falciparum. The incidence rates are lower in most endemic areas of Asia and Latin America where Plasmodium vivax predominates. The risk is nil in all capital cities of South America and SE Asia, as well as in in m any frequently visited tourist destinations. The diseases preventable by immunization will be discussed in a separate paper (Vaccination priorities; page 175). Sexually transmitted diseases occur frequently, as some travellers (5% of Europeans) engage in casual sex, approximately half of them without being protected by a condom. The prevalence for HIV-infection, syphilis, gonorrhoea, etc. often exceeds 50% in prostitutes. In some European countries, a major proportion of heterosexuals with newly acquired HIV-infection have acquired it while abroad. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. and International Society of Chemotherapy. All rights reserved.