The other cooperation problem:: generating benefit
The other cooperation problem:: generating benefit
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DOI：
10.1007/s10539-007-9095-5
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发表时间：
2008-03-01
影响因子：
2.5
通讯作者：
Calcott, Brett
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Calcott, Brett
理解合作是如何进化的，对于解释我们生物世界的一些核心特征至关重要。许多重要的进化事件，如多细胞生物的出现或真社会性的起源，都是以前孤独的个体之间的合作冒险。对合作演变的阐述主要涉及展示如何在搭便车的个人面前保持合作，这些人的成功逐渐破坏合作。在本文中，我认为，有第二个，不同的，较少探讨，合作的问题，我称之为利益的产生。关注利益是如何在一个群体中产生的，会带来一个不同的问题：一个群体中的个体（至少在原则上）是如何比那些保持孤独的人做得更好的？我提出了几种可能产生利益的不同方式，每种方式对如何启动合作、如何进一步发展以及如何与不同的维持合作方式相互作用都有不同的影响。我认为，在某些情况下，合作的最重要的基本“问题”可能是如何产生利益，而不是如何减少冲突或防止搭便车。
Understanding how cooperation evolves is central to explaining some core features of our biological world. Many important evolutionary events, such as the arrival of multicellularity or the origins of eusociality, are cooperative ventures between formerly solitary individuals. Explanations of the evolution of cooperation have primarily involved showing how cooperation can be maintained in the face of free-riding individuals whose success gradually undermines cooperation. In this paper I argue that there is a second, distinct, and less well explored, problem of cooperation that I call the generation of benefit. Focusing on how benefit is generated within a group poses a different problem: how is it that individuals in a group can (at least in principle) do better than those who remain solitary? I present several different ways that benefit may be generated, each with different implications for how cooperation might be initiated, how it might further evolve, and how it might interact with different ways of maintaining cooperation. I argue that in some cases of cooperation, the most important underlying "problem" of cooperation may be how to generate benefit, rather than how to reduce conflict or prevent free-riding.