The P-Type ATPase Superfamily
The P-Type ATPase Superfamily
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DOI：
10.1159/000319588
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发表时间：
2010-01-01
影响因子：
1.2
通讯作者：
Saier, Milton H., Jr.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Chan, Henry;Babayan, Vartan;Saier, Milton H., Jr.
P型ATP酶在高等真核生物中起着提供体内平衡的作用，但它们基本上是普遍存在的，在生命的所有领域中都被发现。Thever和Saier [J Memb Biol 2009;229：115-130]最近报道了对真核生物P型ATP酶的分析，将其分为9个功能性表征的和13个功能性未表征的（FUPA）家族。在这份报告中，我们分析了P型ATP酶在所有主要的原核生物门的完整基因组序列数据，我们比较的结果与真核生物的P型ATP酶。拓扑I型（重金属）P型ATP酶在原核生物中占主导地位（约100%）。十倍），而II型ATP酶（对Na+、K+、H+、Ca 2+、Mg 2+和磷脂具有特异性）在真核生物中占主导地位（大约）。twofold）。许多P型ATP酶家族仅在原核生物中发现（例如Kdp型K+摄取ATP酶（III型）和所有10个原核FUPA家族），而其他家族仅限于真核生物（例如磷脂翻转酶和所有13个真核FUPA家族）。水平基因转移经常发生在细菌和古生菌之间，它们具有相似的这些酶的分布，但很少发生在大多数真核生物界之间，甚至更少发生在真核生物和原核生物之间。在某些细菌门（如拟杆菌门、黄杆菌门和梭杆菌门）中，ATP酶基因的获得和丢失以及水平转移与大多数其他细菌门相比很少发生。一些家族（即Kdp型ATP酶）的水平基因转移比其他原核家族少得多，这可能是由于它们的多亚基特性。功能基序在家族谱系中比在生物谱系中更好地保守，并且这些基序可以是家族特异性的，从而促进功能预测。在某些情况下，基因融合事件产生与调节催化酶共价连接的P型ATP酶。在一个家族（FUPA家族24）中，I型ATP酶基因（N-末端）与II型ATP酶基因（C-末端）融合，仅保留后者的功能。几个假基因编码的非功能性ATP酶进行了鉴定。基因组最小化导致P型ATP酶基因的优先丢失。我们认为，在原核生物和一些单细胞真核生物中，P型ATP酶的主要功能是保护免受极端环境胁迫条件。功能未知的P-型ATP酶的系统发育分类为今后的分子生物学研究提供了指导。版权所有（C）2010 S. Karger AG，巴塞尔
P-type ATPases function to provide homeostasis in higher eukaryotes, but they are essentially ubiquitous, being found in all domains of life. Thever and Saier [J Memb Biol 2009;229:115-130] recently reported analyses of eukaryotic P-type ATPases, dividing them into nine functionally characterized and 13 functionally uncharacterized (FUPA) families. In this report, we analyze P-type ATPases in all major prokaryotic phyla for which complete genome sequence data are available, and we compare the results with those for eukaryotic P-type ATPases. Topological type I (heavy metal) P-type ATPases predominate in prokaryotes (approx. tenfold) while type II ATPases (specific for Na+,K+, H+ Ca2+, Mg2+ and phospholipids) predominate in eukaryotes (approx. twofold). Many P-type ATPase families are found exclusively in prokaryotes (e.g. Kdp-type K+ uptake ATPases (type III) and all ten prokaryotic FUPA familes), while others are restricted to eukaryotes (e.g. phospholipid flippases and all 13 eukaryotic FUPA families). Horizontal gene transfer has occurred frequently among bacteria and archaea, which have similar distributions of these enzymes, but rarely between most eukaryotic kingdoms, and even more rarely between eukaryotes and prokaryotes. In some bacterial phyla (e.g. Bacteroidetes, Flavobacteria and Fusobacteria), ATPase gene gain and loss as well as horizontal transfer occurred seldom in contrast to most other bacterial phyla. Some families (i.e. Kdp-type ATPases) underwent far less horizontal gene transfer than other prokaryotic families, possibly due to their multisubunit characteristics. Functional motifs are better conserved across family lines than across organisnnal lines, and these motifs can be family specific, facilitating functional predictions. In some cases, gene fusion events created P-type ATPases covalently linked to regulatory catalytic enzymes. In one family (FUPA Family 24), a type I ATPase gene (N-terminal) is fused to a type II ATPase gene (C-terminal) with retention of function only for the latter. Several pseudogene-encoded nonfunctional ATPases were identified. Genome minimalization led to preferential loss of P-type ATPase genes. We suggest that in prokaryotes and some unicellular eukaryotes, the primary function of P-type ATPases is protection from extreme environmental stress conditions. The classification of P-type ATPases of unknown function into phylogenetic families provides guides for future molecular biological studies. Copyright (C) 2010 S. Karger AG, Basel