Networks and Participation
Networks and Participation
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网络和参与
DOI：
10.1002/9780470999103.ch15
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发表时间：
2007
影响因子：
3.1
通讯作者：
M. Diani
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
M. Diani
社会运动学者通常将社会网络视为个人参与的预测因素。网络可能会增加个人参与的机会，并加强积极分子进一步宣传其事业的努力。在这个过程中有一个动态的、历时性的因素：虽然人们经常通过他们先前存在的联系参与到特定的运动或运动中，但他们的参与也建立了新的联系，这反过来影响了他们活动家生涯的后续发展（实际上，也影响了他们的整个生活）。然而，至少还有另一种富有成效的方式来理解网络和参与之间的关系，即，作为个人（特别是他们的身份）与群体成员关系的二元性的特殊实例（Simmel 1955; Breiger 1974）。社会运动积极分子的身份是由他们的多个群体成员的特定组合决定的，作为不同群体和组织的成员，个人创造了后者之间的联系。这种观点使我们能够更好地认识到，社会运动活动通常嵌入在密集的关系环境中，并更详细地探索最终构成社会运动的多种联系的网络。在接下来的几页中，我将详细阐述这些基本观点。在追踪了作为参与促进者的社会网络兴趣的起源之后，我描绘了我们对社会结构如何影响个人和集体行为的理解的发展，以及结构如何通过行动产生和复制。然后，我将进一步阐述多重成员关系与社会运动结构之间的关系，最后对未来的研究提出一些建议。在本章中，“结构”在很大程度上与社会网络一致，结构对参与强度和形式的影响主要是根据参与者在特定交换网络中的位置来概念化的。这里讨论的主题涉及到一个反复出现的、更广泛的关于结构之间关系的讨论
Social movement scholars usually treat social networks as predictors of individual participation. Networks may increase individual chances to become involved, and strengthen activists’ attempts to further the appeal of their causes. There is a dynamic, diacronic element to this process: while people often become involved in specific movements or campaigns through their preexisting links, their very participation also forges new bonds, which in turn affect subsequent developments in their activist careers (and, indeed, in their lives at large). There is, however, at least another fruitful way of conceiving the relationship between networks and participation, namely, as a particular instance of the duality of the link between individuals–in particular, their identity–and group memberships (Simmel 1955; Breiger 1974). While the identities of social movement activists are determined by the particular combination of their multiple group memberships, by being members of different groups and organizations, individuals create linkages between the latter. This perspective enables us to better recognize that social movement activities are usually embedded in dense relational settings, and to explore in greater detail the web of multiple ties that ultimately make up a social movement. 1 In the following pages, I elaborate on these basic ideas. After tracing the origins of the interest in social networks as facilitators of participation, I chart developments in our understanding of how social structure affects individual and collective behavior, and how structure is generated and reproduced through action. I then move on to illustrate the relationship between multiple memberships and social movement structure, before concluding with some suggestions for future research. In this chapter,‘‘structure’’largely coincides with social networks, and structural effects on the intensity and forms of participation are mainly conceptualized in terms of actors’ locations in specific webs of exchanges. The main themes addressed here relate to a recurrent, much broader discussion of the relationship between structure