An Inexpensive Depth Gauge for Penguins
An Inexpensive Depth Gauge for Penguins
复制标题
适合企鹅的廉价深度计
DOI：
10.2307/3801769
复制
发表时间：
1984
影响因子：
2.3
通讯作者：
C. Bain
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
R. Wilson;C. Bain
我们描述了一种用于企鹅的廉价放射自显影深度计。该设备成本为 10 美元，质量约为 25 克，记录企鹅在水下每个深度所花费的总时间。 J. 怀尔德。管理。 48(4):1077-1084 企鹅在水中度过的时间比任何其他鸟类都多。据记录，潜水时间可能长达 18 分钟，深度可达 265 m（Kooyman 等人，1971 年）。据估计，它们的游泳速度为 7 至 58 公里/小时（Kooyman 等人，1971）。在水面游泳的企鹅由于体型低矮而很难被看见，而海上的鸟类如果被船或潜水员接近，通常会迅速潜入或游走。因此，有关企鹅在海洋环境中行为的数据很少也就不足为奇了。齐格弗里德等人。 （1975）描述了驴企鹅（Spheniscus demersus）在海上的社会行为，尽管所有的观察都是在这些鸟在水面上时进行的。通过分析胃内容物可以推断出觅食区域和深度（Emison 1968、Croxall 和 Furse 1980、Croxall 和 Prince 1980）。由于直接观察企鹅觅食几乎是不可能的，因此只能从绑在自由游泳的鸟身上的记录装置间接获取信息。库伊曼等人。 (1971) 使用毛细管深度计来确定帝企鹅 (Aptenodytes forsteri) 的最大潜水深度，他们还使用了重 700 克的深度/时间记录仪。最近，已经建造了较小的电子设备（重 95 克）来记录王企鹅（A. patagonicus）在设定深度范围内的潜水频率（Kooyman 等人，1980 年，1982 年）。不幸的是，这些设备价格昂贵。在这种类型的现场研究中，损失可能会很高，因此设备应该尽可能便宜。我们描述了一种廉价的企鹅深度计的设计和现场测试，该深度计连续记录多次潜水在每个深度花费的总时间。我们感谢核开发人员 J. Hanekom。 Corp.，以表彰他精心准备的放射性珠子，以及 K. Blake，医学博士。物理。 Groote Schuur 医院和 P. Bestbier，南非。布尔。的Stand.，用于使用他们的密度计。 R. P. Wilson 感谢 J. W. Jagger 奖学金基金、大学的财政支持。开普敦和南非。纳特。成立。海鱼。资源。研究所。感谢允许对公驴企鹅进行研究。设计和工作原理 我们对市售的（Profundimetro 110，成本约 6 美元）、水肺潜水员常用的腕式毛细管深度计进行了改进（图 1）。尺寸为 70 x 45 x 10 毫米，空气中重量约为 25 克。当一端封闭、另一端收缩的毛细管浸入水中时，空气被截留在管内，并在开口端附近形成弯液面。随着毛细管降低到更深的深度，J. Wildl。管理。 48(4):1984 1077 此内容于 2016 年 7 月 18 日星期一 04:21:08 UTC 从 157.55.39.128 下载 所有使用均遵循 http://about.jstor.org/terms 1078 企鹅深度计 * Wilson 和 Bain 70 毫米 AD 深度（米）30 AA
We describe an inexpensive autoradiographic depth gauge for use on penguins. The device costs -$10, has a mass of about 25 g, and records the total time that the penguins spend at each depth underwater. J. WILDL. MANAGE. 48(4):1077-1084 Penguins spend more time in the water than do any other birds. Dive times may be as long as 18 minutes and depths of 265 m have been recorded (Kooyman et al. 1971). Estimates of their swimming speeds range from 7 to 58 km/hour (Kooyman et al. 1971). Surface-swimming penguins are difficult to see due to their low profiles and birds at sea approached by a boat or a diver will generally dive or swim away rapidly. It is, therefore, not surprising that data on penguin behavior in their marine environment are meager. Siegfried et al. (1975) gave an account of jackass penguins (Spheniscus demersus) social behavior at sea, though all the observations were made when the birds were on the surface of the water. Deductions can be made about foraging areas and depths by analyzing stomach contents (Emison 1968, Croxall and Furse 1980, Croxall and Prince 1980). Because it is almost impossible to directly observe penguins foraging, information can only be obtained indirectly from a recording device strapped to the free-swimming bird. Kooyman et al. (1971) used a capillary depth gauge to determine maximum diving depths of the emperor penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri), and they also used a depth/time recorder weighing 700 g. Recently, smaller electronic devices (weighing 95 g) have been constructed to record the frequency of dives of king penguins (A. patagonicus) within set depth ranges (Kooyman et al. 1980, 1982). Unfortunately, these devices are expensive. Losses are liable to be high in this type of field study so the devices should be as inexpensive as possible. We describe the design and field tests of an inexpensive depth gauge for penguins that records continuously the total time spent at each depth integrated over many dives. We thank J. Hanekom, Nuclear Dev. Corp., for his careful preparation of the radioactive beads, and K. Blake, Med. Phys. Sect., Groote Schuur Hospital, and P. Bestbier, South Afr. Bur. of Stand., for the use of their densitometers. R. P. Wilson acknowledges financial support from the J. W. Jagger Scholarship Fund, Univ. of Cape Town, and the South Afr. Nat. Found. The Sea Fish. Res. Inst. is thanked for permission to undertake research on jackass penguins. DESIGN AND PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION We modified a commercially available (Profundimetro 110, cost about $6), wristattached, capillary-type depth gauge commonly used by SCUBA divers (Fig. 1). The gauge is 70 x 45 x 10 mm, with a weight in air of about 25 g. When the capillary tube, closed at one end and with a constriction at the other, is immersed in water, air is trapped in the tube and a meniscus forms near the open end. As the capillary tube is lowered to greater depths, J. Wildl. Manage. 48(4):1984 1077 This content downloaded from 157.55.39.128 on Mon, 18 Jul 2016 04:21:08 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 1078 DEPTH GAUGE FOR PENGUINS * Wilson and Bain 70 mm ADepth (m.) 30 AA