Deaf Ethnicity, Deafhood, and Their Relationship
Deaf Ethnicity, Deafhood, and Their Relationship
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聋人种族、聋人及其关系
DOI：
10.1353/sls.2013.0012
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发表时间：
2013
影响因子：
1.5
通讯作者：
H. Lane
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
P. Ladd;H. Lane
一些学者询问最近提出的两个概念“聋人种族”和“聋人”之间有何关系。这些概念以及“听力障碍”（Humphries 1977）、“无意识听力障碍”、“手语民族”和“聋人增益”等概念的出现，反映了聋人社区及其盟友重新定义聋人群体、他们的文化和语言的重要尝试。作为同一过程的一部分，从 20 世纪 90 年代开始，“人们的眼睛”等旧概念被重新提出，而后殖民主义等外部产生的概念也被引入。在其他少数群体中也可以发现类似的重新定义身份的过程，例如非裔美国人、妇女、男女同性恋者和残疾人，他们都感到有必要摆脱压迫者创造的简化主义定义镜头，而是发展有助于他们社区的解放。 “聋人种族”和“聋人”就是两个这样的概念。我们首先解释“聋人种族”和“聋人”，然后讨论它们之间的关系。《聋人种族：聋人种族和祖先》中的聋人种族 Lane、Pillard 和 Hedberg (2011) 论证了美国聋人-沃里德（美国手语少数群体）是一个种族群体。族裔群体是“一个较大社会中的集体，具有真实的或假定的共同祖先、共同历史的记忆，以及对一个或多个象征性元素的文化关注，被定义为他们民族的缩影”（Schermerhorn 1978，12）。《眼睛里的人》将美国聋人世界的特性与族群的特性进行了比较。我们在这里列举了这些共同的属性，让读者参考本书进行讨论和文献引用。这些民族属性是：语言、与自己同类的联系、文化、社会制度、艺术、历史、领土、亲属关系、社会化和边界维护。一个民族的语言发挥着多种作用：它是文化遗产代代相传的载体；它表达传统、仪式、规范和价值观；它是群体成员之间社会互动的一种手段，是他们种族的象征，并且常常是“他们民族的缩影”（同上）。这些实际上也是美国聋人世界的语言，即美国手语所扮演的角色。深深的归属感是种族群体成员的特征，这无疑是聋人和聋人的财产。毕竟，它的许多成员在聋人世界中找到了代理父母、轻松的沟通、获取信息和积极的身份。聋人世界成员的团结表现在很多方面；其中最引人注目的是它对集体行动和从聋人世界中选择的婚姻伙伴的强调。族群文化包括基于独特价值观的行为规则。聋人世界也是如此，其核心价值观包括聋人和对群体的忠诚。管理语言、获得地位、管理信息、构建话语等等都有规则。族群有社会机构，聋人世界的成员也是如此，包括学校、聋人俱乐部、教堂、体育组织、出版社和戏剧团体的网络，以及专注于职业、休闲、政治和社交的协会。艺术丰富了族群的生活，将其成员彼此联系起来，表达族群价值观和知识。聋人世界拥有丰富的文学传统，包括传奇和幽默等形式。还有表达聋人经历的戏剧艺术和视觉艺术。历史和民族与民族群体密切相关。聋人世界有着丰富的历史，以多种形式讲述——书籍、电影、戏剧、叙事等。与种族群体一样，这段历史的大部分内容都与压迫有关，并且具有熟悉的修辞结构。 ……
Several scholars have asked what are the relations between two recently developed concepts, Deaf ethnicity and Deafhood. The emergence of these concepts, along with others such as "audism" (Humphries 1977), "dysconscious audism,""Sign Language Peoples," and "Deaf Gain" reflects important attempts by Deaf communities and their allies to redefine Deaf peoples, their cultures, and their languages. As part of the same process, starting in the 1990s, older concepts such as "People of the Eye," have been presented anew, and externally generated concepts such as postcolonialism have been brought to bear.Similar processes of redefining identity can be found among other minority groups, such as African Americans, women, gays and lesbians and disabled people, all of whom have felt the need to escape the reductionist lens of definitions created by oppressors, developing instead conceptualizations that assist with the liberation of their communities. "Deaf ethnicity" and "Deafhood" are two such conceptualizations. We start by explaining "Deaf ethnicity" and "Deafhood," and then we address their relations.Deaf EthnicityIn The People of the Eye: Deaf Ethnicity and Ancestry Lane, Pillard, and Hedberg (2011) make the case that the American Deaf-Wo rid (the American Sign Language minority) is an ethnic group. An ethnic group is "a collectivity within a larger society having real or putative common ancestry, memories of a shared historical past, and a cultural focus on one or more symbolic elements defined as the epitome of their peoplehood" (Schermerhorn 1978, 12).The People of the Eye compares the properties of the American Deaf-World to those of ethnic groups. We enumerate those shared properties here, referring the reader to the book for discussion and literature citations. Those ethnic properties are: language, bonding to one's own kind, culture, social institutions, the arts, history, territory, kinship, socialization, and boundary maintenance.The language of an ethnic group plays many roles: It is the vehicle for transmission of cultural patrimony through the generations; it expresses traditions, rituals, norms, and values; it is a means of social interaction among group members, a symbol of their ethnicity and frequently the "epitome of their peoplehood" (ibid).These are indeed also the roles fulfilled by the language of the American Deaf-World, American Sign Language.A deep feeling of belonging characterizes the members of ethnic groups and that is surely a property of the Deaf-Wo rid. After all, many of its members found in the Deaf-World surrogate parents, easy communication, access to information, and a positive identity. The solidarity of Deaf-World members is expressed in many ways; among the most striking are the stress it places on collective action and on marriage partners chosen from the Deaf-World.The culture of ethnic groups includes rules for behavior based on distinctive values.This is true of the Deaf-World, whose central values include being Deaf and allegiance to the group. There are rules for managing language, for gaining status, for managing information, for constructing discourse, and more.Ethnic groups have social institutions, as do members of the Deaf-World, including a network of schools, Deaf clubs, churches, athletic organizations, publishing houses, and theater groups, as well as associations focused on profession, leisure, politics, and socializing.The arts enrich the lives of ethnic groups, bind their members to one another, and express ethnic values and knowledge. The Deaf-World has a rich literary tradition including such forms as legends and humor. There are also theater arts and visual arts that express the Deaf experience.History and ethnicity are intimately bound up in ethnic groups. The Deaf-World has a rich history that is recounted in many forms- books, films, theater, narratives, and so on. As with ethnic groups, much of that history concerns oppression, and it has a familiar rhetorical structure. …