From the optimal planning theory to the theory of the firm and the market: a quest in Masahiko Aoki’s early works
From the optimal planning theory to the theory of the firm and the market: a quest in Masahiko Aoki’s early works
复制标题
从计划最优理论到企业与市场理论：青木正彦早期著作中的探寻
DOI：
10.1007/s40844-018-0095-8
复制
发表时间：
2018
影响因子：
0.9
通讯作者：
Masashi Morioka
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
井上彰編著;佐藤方宣;盛山和夫;松元雅和; 宮本雅也;木山幸輔;若松良樹;小泉義之;田中成明;齋藤純一;加藤晋; 額賀淑郎;角崎洋平;森岡真史;Masashi Morioka
本文着重介绍了青木昌彦在20世纪70年代的理论探索。他首先选择的主题是设计流程，以找到使大型经济组织的给定目标函数最大化的解决方案。只要技术信息分散在各个生产单位，中央计划委员会和这些生产单位之间就必须通过不断的沟通来寻求最佳解决方案。在他的第一本书(1971)中，最优规划理论被认为是一种分析工具，用于从效率和道德两方面寻找比现有制度更可取的社会制度。然而，在第二本书(1978)中，这一理论被应用于描述在实际资本主义制度中发挥作用的调节机制的原型模型：一种是根据影子价格的比较，将部分投入分配给生产单位的“数量调节机制”；另一种是“双重调节机制”，即每个生产单位增加生产以应对过剩需求，并在价格低于边际成本时提高价格。青木的资本主义企业理论的出发点是企业组织是数量调节机制的制度化形式。它还伴随着一种理论，即市场是双重调节机制的制度化形式。后者认为，由于个别公司不可避免的需求预测误差，产品市场短期不平衡的连续修正涉及耐用资本货物和劳动力的就业不足。尽管青木观点的这些发展不如他在后来的著作中对企业组织的博弈论比较分析那么知名，但它们值得更多地关注，因为它们是对构建成熟资本主义制度一般理论的雄心勃勃的挑战。
This paper highlights Masahiko Aoki’s theoretical quest in the 1970s. The subject he first chose was the design of processes to find the solution maximizing a given objective function of a large-scale economic organization. So long as the information on technologies is scattered among individual production units, the optimal solution must be approached through successive communication between the central planning board and these production units. In his first book (1971), the optimal planning theory is considered to be an analytical tool for the search of a more desirable social system than existing systems in terms of both efficiency and morality. However, in the second book (1978), this theory is applied to describe prototype models of adjustment mechanisms working in the actual capitalist system: one is “the quantity adjustment mechanism” in which parts of inputs are assigned to production units based on a comparison of their shadow prices and the other is “the dual adjustment mechanism” in which each production unit increases production in response to excess demand and raises price when it is lower than marginal cost. Aoki’s theory of the capitalist firm starts from the perception that the firm organization is an institutionalized form of the quantity adjustment mechanism. It is also accompanied by a theory of the market being an institutionalized form of the dual adjustment mechanism. The latter contends that successive corrections of short-term disequilibrium in product markets due to inevitable errors of demand forecasts by individual firms involve underemployment of durable capital goods and labor. Although these developments of Aoki’s view are less known than his game-theoretic comparative analysis of the firm organization in later works, they are worth receiving more attention as an ambitious challenge to construction of the general theory of the matured capitalist system.