Nanoelectrochemistry: Metal Nanoparticles, Nanoelectrodes, and Nanopores
Nanoelectrochemistry: Metal Nanoparticles, Nanoelectrodes, and Nanopores
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DOI：
10.1002/chin.200841270
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发表时间：
2008-10
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
R. Murray
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
R. Murray
nano是一个很大的前缀词。许多当代化学关注的是小尺度结构，事实上，分子科学本质上是在纳米尺度上的。为这篇“纳米电化学”综述选择材料涉及到定义“纳米”含义的必要随意性。在这里，它指的是电极和电化学事件的维度尺度，而不是时间、体积或质量。尽管如此，大多数分子化学都在1-1000纳米的范围内，大量带电或导电物质，如微粒子和纳米粒子、胶体、乳剂和气溶胶也是如此。导电物质的拓扑结构可以达到纳米尺度，介孔材料如凝胶和干凝胶就是当代的例子。这些都是重要的课题，纳米粒子在生物分析、催化和电催化中的应用，以及纳米材料，如富勒烯、碳纳米管和碳纳米网络、半导体纳米粒子、纳米电极和纳米孔阵列等。为了对这些主题表示歉意，我选择将场景缩减到纳米粒子的电化学，以及单纳米电极和纳米孔。在这其中，人们的注意力将偏向于尺寸只有几个纳米的金属纳米粒子，因为它在10纳米及更小的尺寸范围内取得了许多重大进展。同样，我将主要关注单纳米电极和纳米孔，而不是它们的阵列。这里引用的文献大多不超过10年；发生了很多事情，而且速度很快。我希望读者会发现这是一个有趣的十年。是什么推动了1- 10nm尺寸范围的快速发展？对于纳米颗粒，合成创新刺激了进展；对于单纳米电极和单纳米孔，同样是由于制造方法的进步。此外，虽然制造非常小的东西可能很特别，但除非能证明它的大小、形状和化学成分，否则它不会推动科学的发展。因此，一些实质性的关注将给予在制造和表征方面的发展。知道你所拥有的东西会引发更有趣和更紧迫的问题，即它的性质是如何的（任何种类的，光谱的，电子转移的，等等）。取决于它的大小，取决于它与之相互作用的其他物质和结构的尺寸（如在纳米孔中），取决于小尺寸的特定几何形状，当然还取决于化学家和电化学学家可以定制小颗粒/电极/孔物体的组成和/或表面的程度，以进一步扩大其性质和用途的范围。本报告中引用的作者在纳米科学的这些领域留下了第一个足迹——在某种程度上是试探性的足迹。
Nano-is a big prefix-word. Much of contemporary chemistry focuses on small scale structures, and indeed, molecular science is intrinsically on the nanometer scale. Selecting material for this review of “nanoelectrochemistry” involved a necessary arbitrariness of defining what “nano” means. Here, it refers to a dimensional scale of electrodes and electrochemical events, as opposed to time or volume or mass. Still, most of molecular chemistry fits within the 1-1000 nm range of dimensions, as does a substantial body of charged or conducting substances, eg, micro-and nanoparticles, colloids, emulsions, and aerosols. The topology of conducting substances can have nanoscopic dimensions, with mesoporous materials such as areogels and xerogels being contemporary examples. These are important topics, as are nanoparticle applications in bioanalysis, catalysis, and electrocatalysis, and nanomaterials such as fullerenes, carbon nanotubes and networks, semiconductor nanoparticles, and arrays of nanoelectrodes and nanopores. With apologies to those topics, I have chosen to whittle the scenery down to the electrochemistry of nanoparticles, and single nanoelectrodes and nanopores. Within these, attention will be biased toward metal nanoparticles having dimensions of only a small number of nanometers, because it is in the 10 nm and lower size range where many significant recent advances have been made. Similarly, I will focus mainly on single nanoelectrodes and nanopores, as opposed to arrays thereof. The literature cited here is predominantly not over a decade old; a lot has happened, and quickly. I hope the reader will find it an interesting decade.What has promoted the rapid advances in the 1-10 nm range of dimensions? For nanoparticles, progress has been stimulated by synthetic innovations; for single nanoelectrodes and single nanopores, similarly by advances in methods of fabrication. Further, while making something that is really small can be special, it does not push science forward unless one can demonstrate its size and shape and chemical composition. So some substantial attention will be given to developments in fabrication and characterization. Knowing what you have prompts the more interesting and burning questions of how do its properties (of any kind, spectroscopic, electron transfer, etc). depend on its size, on the dimensions of other substances and structures that it interacts with (as in a nanopore), on the particular geometry of the small size, and of course on the extent that the chemist and electrochemist can tailor the composition and/or surface of the small particle/electrode/pore object to further expand its range of properties and usefulness. The authors cited in this report are leaving the first trackssto some extent tentative trackssin the scientific sand in these areas of nanoscience.