Risks to human health from ammunition-derived lead in Europe
Risks to human health from ammunition-derived lead in Europe
复制标题
DOI：
10.1007/s13280-019-01194-x
复制
发表时间：
2019-09-01
期刊：
影响因子：
6.5
通讯作者：
Pain, Deborah J.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Green, Rhys E.;Pain, Deborah J.
几个世纪以来，人们都知道铅对人类有毒。长期接触铅，即使是低水平的铅，也会增加成年人患心血管疾病和慢性肾病的风险，并损害胎儿和幼儿的神经发育及随后的认知和行为发育。世界各地的卫生机构已经从假设存在可容忍的暴露水平转变为认识到目前无法定义有效的“无影响”阈值。以前，最重要的接触途径是职业接触、铅管道的水、油漆、汽油添加剂和食物。对产品的监管以及工作场所健康和安全程序的改进，使饮食中的铅成为欧洲国家剩余的主要接触途径。现在，弹药来源的铅是经常食用野生动物肉的人群膳食铅暴露的一个重要原因。这些人大多是猎人，射击员工及其家人，但也有一些出于道德，健康或其他原因选择吃野味的人，以及他们的孩子。从英国进行的调查和对其他国家游戏消费研究的回顾中推断，欧盟约有500万人可能是含铅野味的高水平消费者，欧盟数万名儿童可能经常食用受截肢铅污染的游戏，足以对他们的认知发育造成重大影响。
It has been known for centuries that lead is toxic to humans. Chronic exposure to lead, even at low levels, is associated with an elevated risk of cardiovascular and chronic kidney disease in adults and of impaired neurodevelopment and subsequent cognitive and behavioural development in the foetus and young children. Health agencies throughout the world have moved from assuming that there are tolerable levels of exposure to lead to a recognition that valid 'no-effect' thresholds cannot currently be defined. Formerly, the most important exposure pathways were occupational exposure, water from lead plumbing, paints, petrol additives and foods. Regulation of products and improved health and safety procedures at work have left dietary lead as the main remaining pathway of exposure in European countries. Ammunition-derived lead is now a significant cause of dietary lead exposure in groups of people who eat wild game meat frequently. These are mostly hunters, shoot employees and their families, but also some people who choose to eat game for ethical, health or other reasons, and their children. Extrapolation from surveys conducted in the UK and a review of studies of game consumption in other countries suggest that approximately 5 million people in the EU may be high-level consumers of lead-shot game meat and that tens of thousands of children in the EU may be consuming game contaminated with ammunition-derived lead frequently enough to cause significant effects on their cognitive development.