Car Tire Crumb Rubber: Does Leaching Produce a Toxic Chemical Cocktail in Coastal Marine Systems?
Car Tire Crumb Rubber: Does Leaching Produce a Toxic Chemical Cocktail in Coastal Marine Systems?
复制标题
DOI：
10.3389/fenvs.2020.00125
复制
发表时间：
2020-07-23
影响因子：
4.6
通讯作者：
Herzke, Dorte
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Halsband, Claudia;Sorensen, Lisbet;Herzke, Dorte
由报废轮胎（ELT）生产的废橡胶屑（CRG）通常应用于合成草皮球场（STP）、游乐场、安全表面和人行道。除了填料、稳定剂、交联剂和第二组分（例如，颜料、油、树脂），ELT含有一系列其他有机化合物和重金属添加剂。虽然以前对CRG的环境影响研究主要集中在陆地土壤和淡水生态系统，但挪威许多应用CRG的地点都是沿海地区。目前的研究调查的有机化学和金属添加剂的含量的“原始”和“风化”CRG和海水渗滤液，以及吸收和渗滤液暴露的影响，海洋桡足类（AcartiaandCalanussp.）。热解气相色谱质谱法（py-GC-MS）和化学提取随后GC-MS分析的组合揭示了原始和风化CRG的类似有机化学特征，包括添加剂如苯并噻唑、N-1，3-二甲基丁基-N '-苯基-对苯二胺和一系列多环芳烃（PAH）和酚类化合物（例如，双酚）。ICP-MS分析显示CRG中Zn的量为g kg（-1），Fe、Mn、Cu、Co、Cr、Pb和Ni的量为mg kg（-1）。有机添加剂和金属的混合物很容易从CRG沥滤到海水中，最丰富的沥滤物成分是苯并噻唑和锌，铁，钴（金属），以及可检测到的多环芳烃和酚类化合物。各组分的浓度随CRG源材料和CRG与海水的比例而变化，但苯并噻唑和锌通常是渗滤液中浓度最高的有机和金属组分。虽然沥滤液中的有机化学品浓度在几天内稳定下来，但金属在30天内继续沥出。海洋桡足类暴露于高CRG渗滤液浓度在48小时内表现出高死亡率。较小的lipid-poorAcartia有较高的敏感性比较大的lipid-richCalanus沥滤液，表明物种特异性差异的脆弱性沥滤液。在较低的渗滤液浓度对生存的影响减轻，表明剂量-反应关系。苯并噻唑及其衍生物由于其已被证实的毒性而似乎令人担忧，而双酚也已知具有毒性，并且相对于CRG中的其他化合物而言，在沥滤液中富集。
Crumb rubber granulate (CRG) produced from end of life tires (ELTs) is commonly applied to synthetic turf pitches (STPs), playgrounds, safety surfaces and walkways. In addition to fillers, stabilizers, cross-linking agents and secondary components (e.g., pigments, oils, resins), ELTs contain a range of other organic compound and heavy metal additives. While previous environmental impact studies on CRG have focused on terrestrial soil and freshwater ecosystems, many sites applying CRG in Norway are coastal. The current study investigated the organic chemical and metal additive content of 'pristine' and 'weathered' CRG and their seawater leachates, as well as uptake and effects of leachate exposure using marine copepods (AcartiaandCalanussp.). A combination of pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry (py-GC-MS) and chemical extraction followed by GC-MS analysis revealed similar organic chemical profiles for pristine and weathered CRG, including additives such as benzothiazole,N-1,3-dimethylbutyl-N '-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine and a range of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and phenolic compounds (e.g., bisphenols). ICP-MS analysis revealed g kg(-1) quantities of Zn and mg kg(-1)quantities of Fe, Mn, Cu, Co, Cr, Pb, and Ni in the CRG. A cocktail of organic additives and metals readily leached from the CRG into seawater, with the most abundant leachate components being benzothiazole and Zn, Fe, Co (metals), as well as detectable levels of PAHs and phenolic compounds. Concentrations of individual components varied with CRG source material and CRG to seawater ratio, but benzothiazole and Zn were typically the organic and metal components present at the highest concentrations in the leachates. While organic chemical concentrations in the leachates stabilized within days, metals continued to leach out over the 30-day period. Marine copepods exposed to high CRG leachate concentrations exhibited high mortalities within 48 h. The smaller lipid-poorAcartiahad a higher sensitivity to leachates than the larger lipid-richCalanus, indicating species-specific differences in vulnerability to leachates. The effect on survival was alleviated at lower leachate concentrations, indicating a dose-response relationship. Benzothiazole and its derivatives appear to be of concern owing to their proven toxicity, while bisphenols are also known to be toxic and were enriched in the leachates relative to the other compounds in the CRG.