Social is special: A normative framework for teaching with and learning from evaluative feedback
Social is special: A normative framework for teaching with and learning from evaluative feedback
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DOI：
10.1016/j.cognition.2017.03.006
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发表时间：
2017-10-01
期刊：
影响因子：
3.4
通讯作者：
Cushman, Fiery
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Ho, Mark K.;MacGlashan, James;Cushman, Fiery
人类经常试图通过奖励和惩罚来影响彼此的行为。这是怎么回事？心理学家经常假设“评价性反馈”通过标准的学习机制影响行为，这些学习机制从环境突发事件中学习。根据这一观点，教学与评价反馈涉及利用学习系统，旨在最大限度地提高一个有机体的积极成果。然而，尽管它的吝啬，基于这一假设的研究计划，如发展心理学，动物行为和人机交互，取得了有限的成功。我们提供了一个解释，通过分析评价反馈的逻辑，并表明，专门的学习机制是唯一的青睐的情况下，从社会合作伙伴的评价反馈。具体来说，评价性反馈在被视为传达有关行动价值的信息时效果最好，而不是作为一种最大化的奖励形式。这种解释表明，人类从评价性反馈中学习取决于对交际意图、目标和其他心理状态的推断，就像从其他来源学习一样，如演示、观察和指导。由于这些能力在人类身上特别发达，本书也解释了为什么评价性反馈在人类身上比在非人类动物身上更为普遍。(C)2017爱思唯尔B.V.保留所有权利。
Humans often attempt to influence one another's behavior using rewards and punishments. How does this work? Psychologists have often assumed that "evaluative feedback" influences behavior via standard learning mechanisms that learn from environmental contingencies. On this view, teaching with evaluative feedback involves leveraging learning systems designed to maximize an organism's positive outcomes. Yet, despite its parsimony, programs of research predicated on this assumption, such as ones in developmental psychology, animal behavior, and human-robot interaction, have had limited success. We offer an explanation by analyzing the logic of evaluative feedback and show that specialized learning mechanisms are uniquely favored in the case of evaluative feedback from a social partner. Specifically, evaluative feedback works best when it is treated as communicating information about the value of an action rather than as a form of reward to be maximized. This account suggests that human learning from evaluative feedback depends on inferences about communicative intent, goals and other mental states much like learning from other sources, such as demonstration, observation and instruction. Because these abilities are especially developed in humans, the present account also explains why evaluative feedback is far more widespread in humans than non-human animals. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.