Antimicrobial peptides in reptiles.
Antimicrobial peptides in reptiles.
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DOI：
10.3390/ph7060723
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发表时间：
2014-06-10
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
van Hoek ML
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
van Hoek ML
爬行动物是已知最古老的羊膜动物之一，其形态和生态位高度多样化。这些动物拥有一种进化上古老的先天免疫系统，科学家们对此非常感兴趣，试图找到新的有用的抗菌肽。在过去的十年里，在生物化学、蛋白质组学和基因组学领域的重要工作已经开始揭示爬行动物抗菌肽的复杂性。在这里，对爬行动物抗菌肽的现有知识进行了综述，并分别在四个目中列举了具体的例子：龟目(龟和龟)、巨齿目(蜥蜴)、鳞目(蛇和蜥蜴)和鳄鱼(鳄鱼)。给出了爬行动物表达的主要抗菌肽的例子，包括防御素、盲肠毒素、肝脏表达的多肽(海普西丁和LEAP-2)、溶菌酶、巴豆胺等。这些多肽中的一些已经被识别并测试了它们的抗细菌或抗病毒活性；其他的只被预测为可能的基因，通过基因组测序。提出了爬行动物基因组的生物信息学分析，揭示了这一不同类别的许多预测的候选抗菌肽基因。研究这些古老生物如何在其先天免疫系统中使用抗菌肽，可能会揭示我们对哺乳动物先天免疫系统的新理解，也可能为潜在的治疗开发提供新的、强大的抗菌肽支架。
Reptiles are among the oldest known amniotes and are highly diverse in their morphology and ecological niches. These animals have an evolutionarily ancient innate-immune system that is of great interest to scientists trying to identify new and useful antimicrobial peptides. Significant work in the last decade in the fields of biochemistry, proteomics and genomics has begun to reveal the complexity of reptilian antimicrobial peptides. Here, the current knowledge about antimicrobial peptides in reptiles is reviewed, with specific examples in each of the four orders: Testudines (turtles and tortosises), Sphenodontia (tuataras), Squamata (snakes and lizards), and Crocodilia (crocodilans). Examples are presented of the major classes of antimicrobial peptides expressed by reptiles including defensins, cathelicidins, liver-expressed peptides (hepcidin and LEAP-2), lysozyme, crotamine, and others. Some of these peptides have been identified and tested for their antibacterial or antiviral activity; others are only predicted as possible genes from genomic sequencing. Bioinformatic analysis of the reptile genomes is presented, revealing many predicted candidate antimicrobial peptides genes across this diverse class. The study of how these ancient creatures use antimicrobial peptides within their innate immune systems may reveal new understandings of our mammalian innate immune system and may also provide new and powerful antimicrobial peptides as scaffolds for potential therapeutic development.