Quantifying the environmental controls on erosion of a hard rock cliff
Quantifying the environmental controls on erosion of a hard rock cliff
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量化对硬岩悬崖侵蚀的环境控制
DOI：
10.1016/j.margeo.2014.12.008
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发表时间：
--
期刊：
影响因子：
2.9
通讯作者：
Vann Jones (née Norman) E
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Vann Jones (née Norman) E
将硬岩海岸悬崖侵蚀与环境驱动因素联系起来是具有挑战性的，在比较海洋和陆地条件与侵蚀的时间和特征时，通常观察到的关系很弱。本文的目的是汇集数据集，探索如何最好地表示海岸的条件，并测试与侵蚀的关系，这在海岸上主要是通过落石来实现的。在英国的北约克郡海岸，我们比较了连续监测的微地震数据集、区域监测的海岸环境条件、模拟的悬崖条件和2年来悬崖表面变化的定期高分辨率3D监测。崖顶微地震地面运动是由一系列近海、近岸和崖上震源产生的。我们认为这种地面运动可以代替那些促使岩崩和侵蚀发生的条件。这些数据和模拟的悬崖水位都可以更好地了解悬崖的条件和波浪能量的传递。微地震、模拟和区域监测环境数据的变异性与岩崩发生的增加有统计学意义的关系。结果表明，海洋对岩崩的总体积和大小特征具有控制作用。发现的最强烈的关系是来自整个悬崖的落石，而不仅仅是在脚趾，这表明海洋的影响，尽管是间接的，延伸到被淹没的地区之上和之外。这些结果确定了驱动侵蚀的破坏机制，其中一系列海岸特有的过程触发了破坏，但在某种程度上超出了悬崖脚趾的纯粹波浪作用。崖脚处的侵蚀更严重。然而，通过比较水位淹没频率、微地震能量转移和侵蚀，我们观察到，与低频率、高能量风暴或更频繁的淹没相关的水位对应的悬崖高度并没有经历更大的侵蚀。我们的研究结果描述了淹没时间、能量转移与硬岩悬崖侵蚀之间的关系，并说明了这些条件变化对侵蚀响应的相对强度。我们的数据暗示，在未来，悬崖状岩石海岸可能会相对较快地对环境强迫的变化做出反应。
Linking hard rock coastal cliff erosion to environmental drivers is challenging, with weak relationships commonly observed in comparisons of marine and subaerial conditions to the timing and character of erosion. The aim of this paper is to bring together datasets to explore how best to represent conditions at the coast and to test relationships with erosion, which on this coast is primarily achieved via rockfalls. On the N. Yorkshire coast in the UK we compare a continuously monitored microseismic dataset, regionally monitored coastal environmental conditions, modelled at-cliff conditions and periodic high-resolution 3D monitoring of changes to the cliff face over a 2-year period.Cliff-top microseismic ground motions are generated by a range of offshore, nearshore and at-cliff sources. We consider such ground motions as proxies for those conditions that promote the occurrence of rockfalls and erosion. Both these data and modelled at-cliff water levels provide improved insight into conditions at, and wave energy transfer to, the cliff. The variability in microseismic, modelled and regionally-monitored environmental data derives statistically significant relationships with increases in the occurrence of rockfalls. The results demonstrate a marine control on the total volume and size characteristics of rockfalls. The strongest relationships found are with rockfalls sourced from across the entire cliff, rather than just at the toe, indicating that the marine influence, albeit indirectly, extends above and beyond the area inundated. These results identify failure mechanisms driving erosion, where a range of processes unique to the coast trigger failure, but in a manner beyond purely wave action at the cliff toe.Greater erosion occurs at the cliff toe. However, comparing water level inundation frequency, microseismic energy transfer and erosion, we observe that heights up the cliff that correspond with water levels associated with low frequency, high energy storms, or more frequent inundation, do not experience increased erosion. Our results describe the relationship between inundation duration, energy transfer and erosion of hard rock cliffs, and illustrate the relative intensity of erosion response to variations in these conditions. Implicitly our data suggests that in future, cliffed rocky coasts may be relatively quick to respond to changes in environmental forcing.
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DOI：
--
发表时间：
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期刊：
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影响因子：
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