Natural emissions of methane from geological seepage in Europe
Natural emissions of methane from geological seepage in Europe
复制标题
DOI：
10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.03.014
复制
发表时间：
2009-03-01
影响因子：
5
通讯作者：
Etiope, Giuseppe
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Etiope, Giuseppe
最近的研究表明，地质排放的甲烷是一个重要的温室气体来源。大量的甲烷，估计在40-60 Tg yr（-1）的数列，通过断层和断裂的岩石从地壳自然释放到大气中。天然气的主要来源是微生物和热成因的天然气，这些天然气产自油气富集的沉积盆地，并通过大渗漏（陆上和海上泥火山和其他渗漏）和微渗漏（一种看不见但普遍存在的土壤通量）注入大气。目前正在根据文献调查、新的实地测量和导出的排放因子对欧洲的这一来源进行评估。EMEP/CORINAIR指南推荐的放大标准适用于局部点和区域源数据。在欧洲，有25个国家拥有石油和/或天然气储层，可能或实际上会排放地质甲烷。然而，只能从10个国家获得流量数据：丹麦、意大利、希腊、罗马尼亚、西班牙、瑞士、联合王国和黑海国家（保加利亚、乌克兰、格鲁吉亚）的陆上或海上石油部门。估计数中包括阿塞拜疆，其泥火山活动造成的排放已知与此有关。与宏观渗漏有关的排放、区域估计值和当地测量值的总和保守估计约为2.2 Tg yr（-1）。加上含油气盆地的潜在微渗流通量，根据总含油气系统的概念（约0.8 Tg / yr(-1)）估计，欧洲的总渗流量预计为3 Tg / yr（-1）。就量级而言，这个初步数字代表了欧洲继湿地之后的第二大天然甲烷来源。这一估计必须通过增加在陆地上（如德国、匈牙利、罗马尼亚、乌克兰、白俄罗斯、俄罗斯、格鲁吉亚）和沿海海洋地区（北海、黑海、希腊近海和意大利）进行的渗透测量的数量来加以完善，因为这些地区的微渗透潜力很大，排放因子和水下渗透区域的范围还不完全清楚。(c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd.版权所有。
Recent studies have shown that geological emissions of methane are an important greenhouse-gas source. Remarkable amounts of methane, estimated in the order of 40-60 Tg yr(-1), are naturally released into the atmosphere from the Earth's crust through faults and fractured rocks. The main source is natural gas, both microbial and thermogenic, produced in hydrocarbon-prone sedimentary basins and injected into the atmosphere through macro-seeps (onshore and offshore mud volcanoes and other seeps) and micro-seepage, an invisible but pervasive flux from the soil. This source is now evaluated for Europe on the basis of a literature survey, new field measurements and derived emission factors. The up-scaling criteria recommended by the EMEP/CORINAIR guidelines are applied to the local point and area source data.In Europe, 25 countries host oil and/or natural gas reservoirs and potentially, or actually, emit geological methane. Flux data, however, are available only from 10 countries: the onshore or offshore petroliferous sectors of Denmark, Italy, Greece, Romania, Spain, Switzerland, United Kingdom and Black Sea countries (Bulgaria, Ukraine, Georgia). Azerbaijan, whose emissions due to mud volcanism are known to be relevant, is included in the estimate.The sum of emissions, regional estimates and local measurements, related to macro-seeps leads to a conservative total value of about 2.2 Tg yr(-1). Together with the potential microseepage fluxes from the petroliferous basins, estimated on the basis of the Total Petroleum System concept (around 0.8 Tg yr(-1)), the total European seepage is projected to 3 Tg yr(-1). This preliminary figure would represent, in terms of magnitude, the second natural methane source for Europe after wetlands. The estimate will have to be refined by increasing the number of seepage measurements both on lands, where there is high potential for microseepage (e.g., Germany, Hungary, Romania, Ukraine, Belarus, Russia, Georgia) and in coastal marine areas (the North Sea, the Black Sea, offshore Greece and Italy) where emission factors and the extent of the underwater seeping area are not completely known. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.