The knew-it-all-along effect.
The knew-it-all-along effect.
复制标题
一直以来都知道的效应。
DOI：
10.1037/0096-1523.4.2.345
复制
发表时间：
1978
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
G. Wood
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
G. Wood
可以要求个人对未来的事件（例如，预定的体育比赛）或他们不知道的过去事件（例如，本杰明·富兰克林是否被殖民地邮政局长职位解雇）做出预先结果判断。此外，在提供结果信息后，可以要求他们指出可能结果的可能性。对于结果后判断，他们被要求对可能的结果进行评级，就像他们没有被给予结果知识一样。以往的研究普遍认为，学生在进行结果后判断时不能或不愿意忽视结果知识，结果后判断优于结果前判断。无法忽视结果知识可以被称为“知道它一直”效应。两个实验进行了179名大学生，以评估的可靠性，一般性，并通过不同的结果知识，指示，材料，和存在或不存在的preoutcome判断的解释这种效果。结果支持的可靠性和普遍性的现象。结果前的判断减少了“知道它一直”效应的大小，但只有当学生被鼓励记住他们的结果前的判断，而作出结果后的判断。（PsycINFO数据库记录（c）2016阿帕，保留所有权利）
Individuals can be asked to make preoutcome judgments about future events (eg, a scheduled athletic contest) or past events of which they are ignorant (eg, whether Benjamin Franklin was fired from his office as Postmaster General of the Colonies). In addition, they can be asked to indicate the likelihood of possible outcomes after outcome information is provided. For postoutcome judgments they are asked to rate the possible outcomes as they would have if they had not been given outcome knowledge. The general finding of previous investigations is that Ss are unable or unwilling to ignore outcome knowledge when making postoutcome judgments as revealed by the fact that postoutcome judgments are better than preoutcome judgments. The inability to ignore outcome knowledge can be labeled the" knew-it-all-along" effect. Two experiments were conducted with 179 undergraduates to assess the reliability, generality, and explanations for this effect by varying outcome knowledge, instructions, materials, and the presence or absence of preoutcome judgments. Results support the reliability and generality of the phenomenon. Preoutcome judgments reduced the size of the" knew-it-all-along" effect, but only when Ss were encouraged to remember their preoutcome judgments while making postoutcome judgments.(PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)