Biomass utilization by gut microbiomes.
Biomass utilization by gut microbiomes.
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DOI：
10.1146/annurev-micro-092412-155618
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发表时间：
2014-09
影响因子：
10.5
通讯作者：
B. White;R. Lamed;E. Bayer;H. Flint
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
B. White;R. Lamed;E. Bayer;H. Flint
哺乳动物完全依靠消化道内的共生微生物从对哺乳动物消化酶有抵抗力的植物生物质中获取能量。特别是在草食动物中，专门的器官（瘤胃、盲肠和结肠）已经进化，可以通过复杂的厌氧微生物群落对摄入的植物生物质进行高效发酵。我们在这里考虑参与植物纤维降解的两个最深入研究的、有代表性的肠道微生物群落：瘤胃和人类大肠的微生物群落。这些群落以属于厚壁菌门和拟杆菌门的细菌为主。在厚壁菌门中，降解能力很大程度上局限于细胞表面，并涉及专门的纤维素分解物种中复杂的纤维素体复合物。相比之下，在拟杆菌中，由基因簇 (PUL) 编码的可溶性多糖的利用需要外膜结合蛋白，并且降解主要发生在周质或细胞内。生物质降解涉及这些不同细菌群以及（瘤胃中）真核微生物之间复杂的相互作用。
Mammals rely entirely on symbiotic microorganisms within their digestive tract to gain energy from plant biomass that is resistant to mammalian digestive enzymes. Especially in herbivorous animals, specialized organs (the rumen, cecum, and colon) have evolved that allow highly efficient fermentation of ingested plant biomass by complex anaerobic microbial communities. We consider here the two most intensively studied, representative gut microbial communities involved in degradation of plant fiber: those of the rumen and the human large intestine. These communities are dominated by bacteria belonging to the Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes phyla. In Firmicutes, degradative capacity is largely restricted to the cell surface and involves elaborate cellulosome complexes in specialized cellulolytic species. By contrast, in the Bacteroidetes, utilization of soluble polysaccharides, encoded by gene clusters (PULs), entails outer membrane binding proteins, and degradation is largely periplasmic or intracellular. Biomass degradation involves complex interplay between these distinct groups of bacteria as well as (in the rumen) eukaryotic microorganisms.