Rock Slope Instability in the Proglacial Zone: State of the Art
Rock Slope Instability in the Proglacial Zone: State of the Art
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DOI：
10.1007/978-3-319-94184-4_8
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发表时间：
2018-11
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
S. McColl;D. Draebing
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
S. McColl;D. Draebing
岩质边坡破坏是山地环境的特征。这些大规模的运动产生了沉积物，改变了集水区的行为，并促进了高高山和冰川地区的动态和危险。本章重点介绍了冰川环境背景下的知识状况，并回顾了研究岩石边坡破坏活动和原因的方法。极端条件和动态过程的结合使得冰川环境特别容易变得不稳定。冰川退缩和气候变化是高山地区过去和正在进行的大规模运动的主要催化剂，在最后一次冰盛期和最近的盛冰期之后，许多斜坡继续对这些遗留的扰动做出反应。岩石边坡的破坏活动受岩体性质和地形的制约，高山地区的破坏通常是由以下因素造成或触发的：(1)千年时间尺度上冰川负荷卸载引起的裂缝生长和地震活动；(2)水文和热效应造成的岩石裂缝生长和强度丧失，这些效应在时间尺度上逐日波动，但叠加在与气候变化有关的长期趋势之上。这些见解源于地貌学、岩土学、地球化学学、大地测量学和地球物理技术的日益广泛应用，这些技术能够评估稳定性因素和岩质边坡破坏的活动性(过去和现在)。丰富的数据集正被用来提供对过去和正在进行的冰川岩坡不稳定性的新理解；这种理解最终将有助于预测过程动态、环境变化和减轻岩坡破坏造成的危险。
Rock slope failures are characteristic of mountainous environments. These mass movements produce sediment, alter catchment behaviour and contribute to the dynamics and hazards of high alpine and proglacial areas. This chapter highlights the state of knowledge in the context of proglacial environments and reviews methods of investigating rock slope failure activity and causes. An alignment of extreme conditions and dynamic processes renders proglacial environments exceptionally prone to instability. Glacier retreat and climate change, following the Last Glacial Maximum and more recent stadials, has been a major catalyst for past and ongoing mass movements in alpine areas, and many slopes continue to respond to these legacy perturbations. Rock slope failure activity is preconditioned by rock mass properties and topography, and failures in alpine areas are typically prepared or triggered by: (i) fracture growth and seismicity arising from the unloading of glacial loads over millennial timescales, and (ii) rock fracture growth and loss of strength as a result of hydrological and thermal effects that fluctuate over daily to seasonal timescales, but are superimposed upon long-term trends related to climate change. These insights stem from a growing application of geomorphological, geotechnical, geochemical, geodetic and geophysical techniques that enable the assessment of stability factors and the activity of rock slope failures (both past and contemporary). The rich datasets are being used to inform new understanding of past and ongoing proglacial rock slope instabilities; this understanding will ultimately help to predict process dynamics, environmental change and to mitigate hazards resulting from rock slope failures.