Features and objects in visual processing
Features and objects in visual processing
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DOI：
10.1038/scientificamerican1186-114b
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发表时间：
1986-11
影响因子：
3
通讯作者：
A. Treisman
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
A. Treisman
如果你被神奇地安置在一个未知的城市，你的第一印象将是在一个有意义的框架中连贯地组织起来的可识别的物体。你会看到建筑物、人、汽车和树木。你不会意识到检测颜色、边缘、运动和距离，也不会意识到将它们组装成多维整体，从而可以从记忆中检索身份和标签。简而言之，有意义的整体似乎先于部分和属性，正如完形心理学家多年前强调的那样。这个看似毫不费力的成就，你在醒着的时候重复了无数次，被证明是非常难以理解或在计算机上模拟的，事实上，比理解和模拟大多数人认为相当具有挑战性的任务要困难得多，比如下棋或解决逻辑问题。视觉世界中有意义的整体的感知显然依赖于人们没有意识的复杂操作，这些操作只能根据间接证据来推断，然而，一些关于视觉信息处理的简单概括开始出现。其中之一是两个处理层次之间的区别。视觉处理的某些方面似乎是同时（即同时针对整个视野）和自动（即不将注意力集中在视野的任何一个部分）完成的。视觉处理的其他方面似乎取决于集中的注意力，并且是连续进行的，或者一次一个，就好像精神聚光灯从一个位置移动到另一个位置。
If you were magically deposited in an unknown city, your first impression would be of recognizable objects organized coherently in a meaningful framework. You would see buildings, people, cars, and trees. You would not be aware of detecting colors, edges, movements, and distances, and of assembling them into multidimensional wholes for which you could retrieve identities and labels from memory. In short, meaningful wholes seem to precede parts and properties, as the Gestalt psychologists emphasized many years ago. This apparently effortless achievement, which you repeat innumerable times throughout your waking hours, is proving very difficult to understand or to simulate on a computer—much more difficult, in fact, than the understanding and simulation of tasks that most people find quite challenging, such as playing chess or solving problems in logic. The perception of meaningful wholes in the visual world apparently depends on complex operations to which a person has no conscious access, operations that can be inferred only on the basis of indirect evidence.Nevertheless, some simple generalizations about visual information processing are beginning to emerge. One of them is a distinction between two levels of processing. Certain aspects of visual processing seem to be accomplished simultaneously (that is, for the entire visual field at once) and automatically (that is, without attention being focused on any one part of the visual field). Other aspects of visual processing seem to depend on focused attention and are done serially, or one at a time, as if a mental spotlight were being moved from one location to another.