Review of Evaluation and Valuation Methods for Cetacean Regulation and Maintenance Ecosystem Services With the Joint Cetacean Protocol Data
Review of Evaluation and Valuation Methods for Cetacean Regulation and Maintenance Ecosystem Services With the Joint Cetacean Protocol Data
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DOI：
10.3389/fmars.2022.872679
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发表时间：
2022-06
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
J. Sheehy;Nicola L. Taylor;N. Zwerschke;M. Collar;V. Morgan;E. Merayo
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
J. Sheehy;Nicola L. Taylor;N. Zwerschke;M. Collar;V. Morgan;E. Merayo
鲸类动物为人类利益提供了一系列有价值的生态系统服务。根据国际生态系统服务共同分类（CICES），这些服务被分类为调节和维护、供应和文化价值。本研究的重点是通过调节和维持对减缓气候变化的重要性。在调节和维持下，鲸类可以通过以下方式储存、运输和影响碳储量：通过碳固存进行气候调节，增强生物多样性和生态系统潜力，以及提高初级生产力。“通过碳固存来调节气候”可以量化为通过生物生物量和“鲸落”来固定碳。鲸类动物种群在活的生物量中储存了大量的碳。死后，下沉的鲸鱼尸体，即“鲸落”，为底栖沉积物提供了大量生物量和营养物质的转移，并支持深海生态系统。在它们的一生中，鲸目动物还通过“鲸鱼传送带”和“鲸鱼泵”水平和垂直的进食和排泄来分散营养物质。由于营养限制阻碍了浮游植物的生长，这些过程可以量化为鲸类驱动的营养循环中浮游植物碳固定潜力的增加。增强的生物多样性、生态系统潜力和初级生产力可以通过养分循环量化为碳固定。本研究回顾了鲸类生态系统服务研究中使用的评估和价值技术，并将其应用于鲸类联合协议（JCP）的数据，该数据详细介绍了欧洲鲸类的丰度和分布。然后对它们的稳健性、在市场中的应用和决策过程进行审查。据估计，鲸类种群含有200万吨碳，每年循环6万吨碳，对调查区域碳通量的影响高达每年2200万吨碳。这些价值突出了鲸类动物保护的关键地区：外赫布里底群岛、南威尔士西部、马恩岛周围、英格兰东部和设得兰群岛东北部。然而，所使用的评价过程存在很大的不确定性；本研究中提出的养分循环模型没有捕捉到多余养分的去除，也没有捕捉到增强生物多样性和生态系统潜力的价值。因此，它们不足以量化市场价值，但却突出了通过保护减缓气候变化的未来研究的关键领域。未来研究的关键领域包括在营养有限的水域中浮游植物对氮和磷的吸收速率，“增强的生物多样性和生态系统潜力”的量化，以及沿海水域的营养去除。
Cetaceans provide a range of ecosystem services of value to anthropogenic interests. Following the Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services (CICES) these are categorised as regulation and maintenance, provisioning, and cultural values. This study focuses on those of importance to climate change mitigation through regulation and maintenance. Under regulation and maintenance, cetaceans can store, transport, and influence stocks of carbon through: climate regulation through carbon sequestration, enhanced biodiversity and ecosystem potential, and enhanced primary productivity. ‘Climate regulation through carbon sequestration’ can be quantified as carbon fixation through living biomass and ‘whale-falls’. Cetacean populations store significant stocks of carbon in living biomass. After death, sinking whale carcasses, ‘whale-falls’, provide a significant transfer of biomass and nutrients to benthic sediments and support deep sea ecosystems. During their lifespan, cetaceans also disperse nutrients through feeding and excretion both horizontally through the ‘whale-conveyor’ and vertically through the ‘whale pump’. As nutrient limitations hinder phytoplankton growth, these processes can be quantified as the increased potential of phytoplankton carbon fixation from cetacean driven nutrient cycling. Enhanced biodiversity, ecosystem potential, and primary productivity can be quantified as carbon fixation through nutrient cycling. This study reviews the evaluative and valuative techniques used in cetacean ecosystem service research and adapts and applies them to the Joint Cetacean Protocol (JCP) data which details cetacean abundance and distribution in Europe. They are then reviewed with regards to their robustness, application in markets, and in decision making processes. Cetacean populations are estimated to contain 2 Mt C, cycle 60,000 t N yr-1, and impact carbon fluxes by as much as 22 Mt C yr-1 in the survey area. The values highlight key areas for cetacean conservation: the Outer Hebrides, west of south Wales, around the Isle of Man, to the east of England, and to the north-east of the Shetland Islands. There is, however, large uncertainty in the evaluative processes used; nutrient cycling models presented in this study don’t capture removal of excess nutrients, or the values of enhanced biodiversity and ecosystem potential. As such, they are not sufficiently robust to quantify market values but highlight key areas for future research on climate change mitigation through conservation. Key areas of future research include phytoplankton uptake rates of nitrogen and phosphorus in nutrient limited waters, quantification of ‘enhanced biodiversity and ecosystem potential’, and nutrient removal from coastal waters.