Placement of topic changes in conversation
Placement of topic changes in conversation
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谈话中主题变化的位置
DOI：
10.1515/semi.1980.30.3-4.263
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发表时间：
1980
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
D. Maynard
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
D. Maynard
专业人士认同的一个常识性观点是，谈话中的“话题”就是谈话的“主题”。例如，《沃森和波特》(1962：251)指出，对话的每一段都有一个关注的焦点；它是关于某事的讨论。作为这一假设的结果，早期关于会话中话题的研究几乎总是将其作为内容分析中的一个问题来进行研究。然而，最近在会话分析方面的研究表明，话题性是谈话者的成就，是以可以描述的模式来组织和观察的东西。因此，人们的注意力集中在谈话中产生话题的结构上。换句话说，萨克斯等人。(1974：728)建议说话人在当前的话轮转换中经常表现出对先前谈话的理解。此外，Schegloff和Sack(1974：243)认为对话者将他们当前的话语与先前说话者的话语“匹配”在一起。因此，话题性不仅是内容的问题，而且在一定程度上构成了对话者用来显示理解并实现话轮与先验的适当匹配的程序。其中一些程序将在接下来的讨论中详细阐述，因为它们与本文件的主要内容有关。尽管会话轮换大体上表现出对先前话语的理解，但在某些地方，当前话语可能不会表现出与先前话语的关系，或者可能不符合先前话语。一类这样的人
One commonsense notion, shared by professionals, is that the 'topic' in a conversation is what the conversation is 'about'. For example, Watson and Potter (1962: 251) state, 'Every episode of conversation has a focus of attention; it is talk about something'. As a consequence of this assumption, early work which has addressed topicality in conversation has almost invariably approached its investigation as a problem in content analysis. Recent work in conversational analysis suggests, however, that topicality is an achievement of conversationalists, something organized and made observable in patterned ways that can be described. Thus, attention is directed to the structure whereby topicality is produced in conversation. In other words, Sacks et al. (1974: 728) suggest that a speaker regularly exhibits understanding of prior talk in a current turn-at-talk. Furthermore, Schegloff and Sacks (1974: 243) argue that conversationalists 'fit' their current utterance to the utterance of the prior speaker. Topicality, then, is a matter not only of content, but is partly constituted in the procedures conversationalists utilize to display understanding and to achieve one turn's proper fit with a prior. Some of these procedures will be elaborated in the course of the following discussion as they bear on the main interest of the paper. Although conversational turns by and large exhibit understanding of prior utterances, there are places where a current utterance may not display a relationship to, or may not fit with, a prior one. A class of such