Cultural impact in listeners' structural understanding of a Tunisian traditional modal improvisation, studied with the help of computational models
Cultural impact in listeners' structural understanding of a Tunisian traditional modal improvisation, studied with the help of computational models
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借助计算模型研究文化对听众对突尼斯传统模态即兴创作的结构理解的影响
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发表时间：
2011
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通讯作者：
Mondher Ayari
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作者：
O. Lartillot;Mondher Ayari
音乐分割的认知和计算研究背景。理论模型的开发旨在描述听众如何将音乐分割成小块。实验心理学中开发的系统测试使我们能够验证此类过程中涉及的多个因素，并估计潜在参数的权重。计算建模提供了一种在更密集和更广泛的环境中测试和开发这些模型的方法。在所有这些背景下，迄今为止尚未研究文化知识对细分的影响。跨文化音乐认知背景。模式激活学习的图式，进而通过激活期望来影响分割的动态过程。因此，输入数据的自下而上的分析与文化知识的自上而下的影响之间存在着复杂的相互作用。目标。本研究旨在借助扩展的计算模型，阐明听众对音乐的结构理解中认知机制和文化背景之间复杂的相互依赖性。主要贡献。突尼斯和欧洲音乐家分析了已故突尼斯大师 Mohamed Saâda 在 Nay 长笛上演奏的传统突尼斯调式即兴创作 (Istikhbâr) 的分段结构。他们在听即兴创作的录音时发出分割点信号，并同时口头指示指导他们决策的启发法。听众基于类似启发法的细分决策在参与者之间聚集。局部不连续性和并行性的低级启发式计算机实现表明，算法预测的强分割点通常与来自两种文化的听众提出的共识分割点相关。通过对阿拉伯语模态结构知识建模，研究文化知识对分段行为的影响。基于感知规则的模型指出了大多数听众一致发现的最明显的不连续性。文化知识的整合揭示了话语中更微妙的表达点，同时更准确地预测了每个点的启发法。影响。已建模的文化知识基于一组通用机制，例如音阶、音符集（无论它们在给定文化中的具体实现如何）以及与每个不同候选概念相关的数字“激活”值。这些通用机制可用于描述文化特定的构建块，这些构建块也可重复用于描述其他文化的音乐知识。
Background in cognitive and computational research in music segmentation. Theoretical models have been developed with the view to describe how listeners segment music into small chunks. Methodical tests developed in experimental psychology enable us to validate the multiple factors involved in such processes and to estimate the weight of underlying parameters. Computational modelling offers a way to test and develop those models in a more intensive and extensive setting. In all these contexts, the impact of cultural knowledge on segmentation was not studied so far. Background in intercultural music cognition. Patterns activate learnt schemata, which affect, in turn, the dynamic process of segmentation through the activation of expectations. There is hence a complex interaction between bottom-up analysis of input data and top-down influence of cultural knowledge. Aims. This study aims to shed light on the complex interdependencies between cognitive mechanisms and cultural background in listeners’ structural understanding of music, with the help of an extended computational model. Main contribution. Tunisian and European musicians analysed the segmentation structure of a traditional Tunisian modal improvisation (Istikhbâr) performed on the Nay flute by the late Tunisian master Mohamed Saâda. They signalled segmentation points while listening to a recording of the improvisation and verbally indicated the heuristics guiding their decisions at the same time. Listeners’ segmentation decisions based on similar heuristics were clustered across participants. A computer implementation of low-level heuristics of local discontinuity and parallelism showed that strong segmentation points predicted by the algorithm were generally associated with consensual segmentation points proposed by listeners from both cultures. The impact of cultural knowledge on the segmentation behaviour was studied by modelling knowledge of Arabic modal structure. The model based on perceptual rules pointed out the most pronounced discontinuities that were consensually detected by most listeners. The integration of cultural knowledge revealed subtler articulation points in the discourse, while predicting more precisely at the same time the heuristics responsible for each of those points. Implications. The cultural knowledge that has been modelled is based on a set of general mechanisms, such as scales, sets of notes ‐ whatever their specific actualisation in a given culture ‐ and numeric “activation” values associated with each different candidate concept. Those general mechanisms can be used to describe culture specific building blocks that could be reused for the description of the musical knowledge of other cultures as well.