Lepidopterous stem borers of cereals in Nigeria
Lepidopterous stem borers of cereals in Nigeria
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DOI：
10.1017/s0007485300048021
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发表时间：
1962-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
HARRIS, K. M.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
HARRIS, K. M.
对尼日利亚谷类鳞翅目螟虫的研究始于1951年。1954年完成了初步调查，1955 ~ 1961年作者在北方和尼日利亚西部进行了研究。在北方尼日利亚，最重要的谷类作物是几内亚橡子（Sorenisetum vulgare）和小米（Pennisetum typhoides），而玉米（Zea mays）是尼日利亚西部唯一重要的谷类作物。作物在雨季早期播种，雨季与2-7个月的旱季交替，3-5个月成熟。它们是手工种植的，很少有农民种植超过一英亩的任何一种谷物。本文报道了尼日利亚所有已知的禾谷螟Busseola fusca、Sesamia calamistis、S. penniseti、刺毛叶蝉S.阿加和Bowden，S. nonagrioides botanephaga Tams and Bowden，Manga basilinea，Coniesta ignefusalis，Chilotraea sp.？argyrolepia，Chilo sp.？本文概述了黑果木属（Phaeosema）、Maliarpha separatella和Eldana saccharina的分布，并讨论了它们在尼日利亚的分布及其相对重要性。B。fusca和Coniestaignefusalis分别是几内亚和谷子最重要的蛀干害虫。本文叙述了它们的发育、成虫活动、灯诱捕获、幼虫迁飞、幼虫形态以及幼虫取食方式对栗树和谷子的影响。3个属（Busseola，Sesamia，Manga）的蛹与C. ignefusalis说明。有关S.生物学的一些信息。calamistis，S. poephaga和M.还提供了basilinea。在Samaru，B. fusca和C.在田间条件下，在没有滞育的情况下，ignefusalis在约2个月内完成。在生长季节发育三代，第三代幼虫进入滞育，直到下一个季节。滞育在4月下旬至6月上旬结束，因此成虫在小米和几内亚种子发芽后约3周出现。实验表明，给幼虫提供潮湿的食物或饮用水可解除滞育。C. ignefusalis仅在小米上自由产卵，因此主要局限于这种作物，而B.褐黑色葡萄树虽然喜欢几内亚橡子，但也出现在其他两种作物上。更多的卵产在较大的植物上。早生的小米和玉米在螟虫数量达到最高水平之前收获。几内亚橡子可以忍受在季末大量出现所造成的相当大的损害，但晚谷子和第二季玉米不能。初步列出了14种主要寄生虫、3种重寄生虫、1种捕食者和4种病害。B区常见黑腹啮小蜂、芝麻绒茧蜂和沟足步甲。在赛季结束时的fusca。Syzeberg sp.是该虫最重要的寄生虫。ignefusalis，并定期饲养的滞育幼虫，和其他常见的寄生虫，该物种在本赛季后期Sturmiopsis parasitica，T. atriclavus和Hyperchalcidia soudanenis。总寄生率很少超过全部幼虫和蛹的10%。苏云金杆菌杀死了B的许多滞育幼虫。fusca，是有记录的最重要的疾病。本文介绍并讨论了玉米、早谷子、晚谷子和海葵的产量与螟虫危害的关系。早播玉米受到的损害很小，但伊巴丹的第二季玉米遭受损失，在当地农场，损失一般超过20%。在实验中，损失的立场并不总是导致产量损失，并提出证据表明，在某些条件下，损失的立场是补偿生产较重的穗轴。在Samaru，B.在健康茎秆上的褐腐病使其产草量降低了健康茎秆平均穗轴重的28%（P
Research on lepidopterous stem borers of Nigerian cereals began in 1951. Preliminary surveys were finished in 1954 and from 1955 to 1961 the author studied these pests in northern and western Nigeria. Guineacorn (Sorghum vulgare) and millet (Pennisetum typhoides) are the most important cereal crops in Northern Nigeria, and maize (Zea mays) is the only cereal of any importance in Western Nigeria. The crops are sown early in the wet season, which alternates with a dry season of 2-7 months, and mature in 3-5 months. They are cultivated by hand and few farmers grow more than one acre of any one cereal. The host ranges of all the known species of Nigerian cereal stem borers, Busseola fusca, Sesamia calamistis, S. penniseti, S. poephaga aga Tarns and Bowden, S. nonagrioides botanephaga Tams and Bowden, Manga basilinea, Coniesta ignefusalis, Chilotraea sp. ? argyrolepia, Chilo sp. ? phaeosema, Maliarpha separatella and Eldana saccharina are summarised and their distribution in Nigeria and relative importance there are discussed. B. fusca and Coniesta ignefusalis are the most important stem borers of guineacorn and millet, respectively. Accounts of their development, adult activity, light-trap catches, larval migration, larval morphology and the effects of larval feeding patterns on plants of guineacorn and millet are given. Differences between the pupae of the 3 noctuid genera (Busseola, Sesamia, Manga) and all stages of C. ignefusalis are illustrated. Some information on the biology of S. calamistis, S. poephaga and M. basilinea is also given. At Samaru, the life-cycles of B. fusca and C. ignefusalis are completed in about 2 months under field conditions and in the absence of diapause. Three generations develop during the growing season, larvae of the third entering diapause until the next season. The diapause ends between late April and early June, so that adults emerge about 3 weeks after millet and guineacorn have germinated. Experiments indicate that diapause is terminated when larvae are provided with moist food or drink water. C. ignefusalis lays freely only on millet and is therefore mainly confined to this crop, whereas B. fusca, though favoring guineacorn, also appears on the other two crops. More eggs are laid on larger plants. Early millet and maize are harvested before borer populations reach their highest level. Guineacorn tolerates the considerable damage done by the high populations present at the end of the season but late millet and second-crop maize do not. A provisional list of 14 primary parasites, 3 hyperparasites, 1 predator and 4 diseases is given. Tetrastichus atriclavus, Apanteles sesamiae, and Pediobius furvus were always present on B. fusca at the end of the season. Syzeuctus sp. was the most important parasite of C. ignefusalis and was regularly reared from diapause larvae, and other common parasites of this species later in the season were Sturmiopsis parasitica, T. atriclavus and Hyperchalcidia soudanenis. The over-all rate of parasitism seldom exceeded 10% of all larvae and pupae collected. Bacillus thuringiensis killed many diapause larvae of B. fusca and was the most important disease recorded. The results of experiments relating yields to stem-borer attack in maize, early millet, late millet and guineacorn are presented and discussed. Early-sown maize suffers little damage but second-crop maize at Ibadan suffers losses of stand which, in local farms, generally exceed 20%. In experiments, loss of stand did not always result in loss of yield, and evidence is presented that, under certain conditions, loss of stand is compensated for by the production of heavier cobs. At Samaru, the development of single larvae of B. fusca in otherwise healthy stems reduced their yielding capacity by 28% of the mean cob weight of healthy stems (P