MUSCLE: authenticated external data retrieval from multiple sources for smart contracts
MUSCLE: authenticated external data retrieval from multiple sources for smart contracts
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MUSCLE：从智能合约的多个来源检索经过身份验证的外部数据
DOI：
10.1145/3297280.3297320
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发表时间：
2019
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Z. Erkin
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Bjorn van der Laan;O. Ersoy;Z. Erkin
智能合约是在区块链的分散基础设施上部署和执行的应用程序。许多智能合约应用程序依赖于驻留在区块链之外的数据。然而，虽然传统的Web应用程序可以直接通过互联网与可信的数据源进行通信，但这对于智能合约来说是不可能的，因为它们的执行必须是确定性的。自以太坊首次引入以来，将外部数据引入区块链一直是一个研究课题。可以将这些数据提供给智能合约的系统称为Oracle。设计预言机的主要要求是数据的真实性必须是可公开验证的，这可以通过签名来实现。然而，将数据传输到区块链并执行验证是昂贵的，特别是如果应用程序需要来自多个来源的数据。在这种情况下，目前的方法需要分别从每个来源检索数据。在本文中，我们提出了多源oraCLE（MUSCLE）的概念，从多个来源，我们相信这是第一个专注于多源场景的数据检索。我们实现了五个变种的MUSCLE，每个使用不同的签名或聚合签名方案，并比较它们的性能与两个甲骨文是基于TLS-N，这代表了目前的最新技术水平。我们的研究结果表明，基于ECDSA的MUSCLE具有最低的总天然气支出，而基于BGLS的甲骨文提供较低的交易和存储成本。
Smart contracts are applications that are deployed and executed on a blockchain's decentralised infrastructure. Many smart contract applications rely on data that resides outside the blockchain. However, while traditional web applications can communicate with trustworthy data sources directly through the Internet, this is not possible for smart contracts because their execution must be deterministic. Bringing external data into the blockchain has been a topic of research since the first introduction of Ethereum. A system that can provide this data to smart contracts is called an oracle. The primary requirement in designing oracles is that the authenticity of the data must be publicly verifiable, which can be achieved through signatures. However, transmitting data to the blockchain and performing the verification is costly, especially if applications require data from multiple sources. In that case, current approaches would need to retrieve the data from each source separately. In this paper, we present the concept of MUlti-Source oraCLE (MUSCLE) for retrieving data from multiple sources, which we believe to be the first to focus on the multi-source scenario. We implement five variants of MUSCLE, each using a different signature or aggregate signature scheme and compare their performance with two oracles that are based on TLS-N, which represents the current state of the art. Our results show that the ECDSA-based MUSCLE features the lowest total gas expenditure, while the BGLS-based oracle provides lower transaction and storage costs.