Cheating can stabilize cooperation in mutualisms
Cheating can stabilize cooperation in mutualisms
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DOI：
10.1098/rspb.2006.3571
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发表时间：
2006-09-07
影响因子：
4.7
通讯作者：
Kokko, Hanna
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Foster, Kevin R.;Kokko, Hanna
互利主义对进化论提出了挑战。面对自私和欺骗的选择，合作是如何维持的？理论和数据都表明，伙伴选择，即一个物种优先将援助指向另一个物种中更合作的成员，是许多互惠关系中合作的核心。然而，到目前为止，该理论只考虑了配偶选择对一个物种的进化影响。在这里，我们调查的合作和选择在一个挑剔的主机和它的共生体的共同进化。我们的模型表明，即使选择和合作可能是最初的选择，它往往是不稳定的。这是因为选择减少了共生体的变化，因此，倾向于消除其自身维护的选择性激励（在雌性选择和物种内合作中的警务中的列克悖论中的一种情况）。然而，我们也表明，当变异性被重新引入共生体的每一代，在不合作的个人的形式，保持选择。这表明，在许多互惠关系中，骗子和骗子物种的存在是维持伙伴选择的核心，矛盾的是，合作本身。
Mutualisms present a challenge for evolutionary theory. How is cooperation maintained in the face of selection for selfishness and cheating? Both theory and data suggest that partner choice, where one species preferentially directs aid to the more cooperative members of the other species, is central to cooperation in many mutualisms. However, the theory has only so far considered the evolutionary effects of partner choice on one of the species in a mutualism in isolation. Here, we investigate the co-evolution of cooperation and choice in a choosy host and its symbiont. Our model reveals that even though choice and cooperation may be initially selected, it will often be unstable. This is because choice reduces variation in the symbiont and, therefore, tends to remove the selective incentive for its own maintenance (a scenario paralleled in the lek paradox in female choice and policing in within-species cooperation). However, we also show that when variability is reintroduced into symbionts each generation, in the form of less cooperative individuals, choice is maintained. This suggests that the presence of cheaters and cheater species in many mutualisms is central to the maintenance of partner choice and, paradoxically, cooperation itself.