Die Mneme als erhaltendes Prinzip im Wechsel des organischen Geschehens
Die Mneme als erhaltendes Prinzip im Wechsel des organischen Geschehens
复制标题
有机体的概念和原则
作者：
R. Semon
从标题中可以看出，这项工作实际上是对刺激的一些远端影响的研究。因此，施加于有机物质上的每一种刺激——不管这种物质是神经性的还是非神经性分化的——不仅会产生相应的反应，而且还会改变物质本身的状态，因此，即使刺激的直接效果减弱了，第二种“冷漠状态”也与第一种不同。例如，该物质现在可以很容易地对以前不足以产生任何明显效果的刺激作出反应，或者它可以对仅通过与通常必要的刺激相关联而连接的刺激作出反应。作者很乐意重新阅读这些事实并对其进行分类，并对其应用一种与分类的新颖性相对应的术语。因此，他把刺激的持久效应称为印痕；这种刺激被称为对物质的刻蚀性作用，或产生刻蚀性改变。同样，当刺激物B在质量或数量上与刺激物A有所不同，但仍然在印痕的帮助下成功地产生了与A相适应的反应时，我们就说刺激物B产生了回声，或者说新的兴奋状态是由印痕的回声产生的。显然，普通的记忆可以归入这一类广泛的现象，作者可以用“记忆”一词来描述这些事实；但是，为了避免误解，他选择了“meme”这个词。因此，我们读到这样的东西，即助记性激发，例如，在上面提到的情况下，当刺激B被应用。Die Mneme als erhaltendes Prinzip im Wechsel des organischen geschehen。理查德·西蒙著。第14页+ 353页（莱比锡：威廉·恩格尔曼，1905年）净价6s。
LITTLE as it may appear from the title, this work is really an inquiry into some of the remoter effects of stimulation. Thus, every stimulus applied to organic substance—whether that substance be nervous, or not nervously differentiated—produces not only its appropriate reaction, but also an altered condition of the substance itself, so that even when the immediate effect of the stimulation has subsided, the second “condition of indifference” is different from the first. The substance may now, for example, readily react to stimuli which before were insufficient to produce any appreciable effect, or it may respond to a stimulus connected only by association with the stimulus usually necessary. It pleases this author to read and group these facts anew, and to apply to them a terminology that will correspond with the novelty of the grouping. Hence he calls the enduring effect of the stimulus an engramm; the stimulus is said to operate engrahically on the substance, or to produce an engraphic alteration. Again, when stimulus B, differing in quality or quantity from stimulus A, still succeeds with the aid of the engramm in producing a reaction appropriate to A, it is said to operate echorically, or the new state of excitation is said to be produced by the echory of the engramm. Obviously ordinary memory may be brought under this wide class of phenomena, and the author might have used the term memory to describe these facts; but, to avoid misunderstanding, he has chosen the term mneme instead. Hence we read of such things as mnemic excitation, e.g. in the case mentioned above when stimulus B is applied.Die Mneme als erhaltendes Prinzip im Wechsel des organischen Geschehens.By Richard Semon. Pp. xiv + 353. (Leipzig: Wilhelm Engelmann, 1905.) Price 6s. net.