Explaining low mortality among US immigrants relative to native-born Americans: the role of smoking
Explaining low mortality among US immigrants relative to native-born Americans: the role of smoking
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DOI：
10.1093/ije/dyr011
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发表时间：
2011-06-01
影响因子：
7.7
通讯作者：
Fenelon, Andrew
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Blue, Laura;Fenelon, Andrew
在许多发达国家，移民的寿命比本地出生的居民更长，也就是说，在大多数或所有年龄段的死亡率都较低。本文测试是否不同水平的吸烟相关的死亡率可以解释部分的“健康移民效应”在美国，以及相关的“西班牙裔悖论”的一部分：美国的西班牙裔比非西班牙裔Whites.Methods寿命的趋势从人口统计和全国人口普查的数据，我们计算肺癌死亡率在2000年的四个美国亚群：外国出生的本地出生的西班牙裔和非西班牙裔白色。然后，我们使用三种不同的方法-Peto-Lopez方法，Preston-Glei-Wilmoth方法和本文开发的一种新方法-从肺癌死亡率外推，为四个亚群中的每一个产生三种不同的吸烟相关死亡率估计值。然后，我们衡量的贡献，吸烟相关的死亡率的差异，在所有原因morts.Results采取估计从任何三种方法，我们发现，吸烟解释> 50%的差异，在50岁的预期寿命之间的外国-和本地出生的男性，和> 70%的差异，外国-和本地出生的女性;吸烟解释了美国西班牙裔和非西班牙裔白色男性之间50岁预期寿命差异的> 75%，在女性中，西班牙裔的优势接近75%。相关死亡率是2000年美国移民和西班牙裔美国人长寿优势的主要原因。
Background In many developed countries, immigrants live longer-that is, have lower death rates at most or all ages-than native-born residents. This article tests whether different levels of smoking-related mortality can explain part of the 'healthy immigrant effect' in the USA, as well as part of the related 'Hispanic paradox': the tendency for US Hispanics to outlive non-Hispanic Whites.Methods With data from vital statistics and the national census, we calculate lung cancer death rates in 2000 for four US subpopulations: foreign-born, native-born, Hispanic and non-Hispanic White. We then use three different methods-the Peto-Lopez method, the Preston-Glei-Wilmoth method and a novel method developed in this article-to generate three alternative estimates of smoking-related mortality for each of the four subpopulations, extrapolating from lung cancer death rates. We then measure the contribution of smoking-related mortality to disparities in all-cause mortality.Results Taking estimates from any of the three methods, we find that smoking explains > 50% of the difference in life expectancy at 50 years between foreign- and native-born men, and > 70% of the difference between foreign- and native-born women; smoking explains > 75% of the difference in life expectancy at 50 years between US Hispanic and non-Hispanic White men, and close to 75% of the Hispanic advantage among women.Conclusions Low smoking-related mortality was the main reason for immigrants' and Hispanics' longevity advantage in the USA in 2000.