Niche modeling reveals lack of broad-scale habitat partitioning in extinct horses of North America
Niche modeling reveals lack of broad-scale habitat partitioning in extinct horses of North America
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生态位模型揭示了北美灭绝的马缺乏大规模的栖息地划分
DOI：
10.1016/j.palaeo.2018.07.017
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发表时间：
2018
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Pierce, Stephanie E.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Parker, Abigail K.;McHorse, Brianna K.;Pierce, Stephanie E.
现代马（马科）的经典特征--大体型、高冠牙齿（高齿）和单趾（单趾）--通常被认为是对草原环境的适应。然而，在中新世和上新世，这三种特征不同的灭绝马在地理上重叠了数百万年。据推测，共同出现的马种划分栖息地，与大身体，高齿，和单趾马科动物占主导地位的开放草原，而马科动物与不同的组合特征生活在更多的树木繁茂的地区。我们测试了存在的大规模的栖息地分区编译一个大型数据库的北美马化石发生的特征状态（身体大小，hypsodonty指数，脚趾数）和古环境（来自古植被记录）的数据。生态位重叠在每一个北美陆地哺乳动物的中新世和上新世的ESTA建模显示，分类和基于特征的群体在栖息地占用没有显着差异。生态位重叠的聚类分析表明，一些生态功能团共享衍生性状，但衍生性状并不完全与草原生境。性状值不能通过时间箱中草原生境的比例来预测。此外，这三个特征没有显示出共同进化的马树时，校正系统发育相关性。总之，这些结果表明，大型的身体尺寸，hypsodonty，和monodactyly在马科动物的进化是不是由于一个共享的选择制度，以应对不断扩大的草原栖息地，相反，这些特征可能已经单独进化，可能是由于各种小规模的选择压力，在中新世和上新世的各种栖息地。
The classic traits of modern horses (Equidae) – large body size, high-crowned teeth (hypsodonty), and a single toe (monodactyly) – are often considered adaptations to grassland environments. However, extinct horses that varied in these three traits overlapped geographically for millions of years during the Miocene and Pliocene. It has been hypothesized that co-occurring horse species partitioned habitats, with large-bodied, hypsodont, and monodactyl equids dominating open grasslands, while equids with different combinations of traits lived in more wooded areas. We tested for the presence of broad-scale habitat partitioning by compiling a large database of North American horse fossil occurrences with data on trait state (body size, hypsodonty index, and toe number) and paleoenvironment (derived from paleovegetation records). Null modeling of niche overlap in each of the North American Land Mammal Ages of the Miocene and Pliocene revealed that taxonomic and trait-based groups show no differences in habitat occupancy. Cluster dendrograms visualizing niche overlap showed that some ecological guilds shared derived traits, but derived traits were not associated exclusively with grassland habitats. Trait values are not predicted by the proportion of grassland habitats in time bins. Further, the three traits show no co-evolution across the equid tree when corrected for phylogenetic relatedness. Together, these results suggest that the evolution of large body size, hypsodonty, and monodactyly in equids was not due to a shared selective regime in response to expanding grassland habitats; instead, these traits may have evolved separately, likely due to a variety of small-scale selective pressures acting across the variety of habitats present in the Miocene and Pliocene.
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墨西哥湾沿岸平原和大平原新近纪晚期伪马动物（哺乳动物、马科）的系统学和演化
影响因子：
--
作者：
S. Webb;R. Hulbert
通讯作者：
R. Hulbert
从“始马兽”（Hyracotherium）到马属的化石马：缩放、科普定律和体型的演变
影响因子：
2.7
作者：
B. MacFadden
通讯作者：
B. MacFadden
在重叠的家园范围内，在觅食场所规模上，同位食草动物之间的空间嵌套生态位划分。
影响因子：
2.7
作者：
N. Owen‐Smith;Jodie Martin;K. Yoganand
通讯作者：
K. Yoganand
影响因子：
64.8
作者：
E. Renders
通讯作者：
E. Renders
DOI：
10.1098/rspb.2015.2947
发表时间：
2016-04-27
影响因子：
4.7
作者：
Jones, Katrina Elizabeth
通讯作者：
Jones, Katrina Elizabeth