Eye images increase generosity, but not for long: the limited effect of a false cue
Eye images increase generosity, but not for long: the limited effect of a false cue
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DOI：
10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2013.05.001
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发表时间：
2013-09-01
影响因子：
5.1
通讯作者：
Barclay, Pat
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Sparks, Adam;Barclay, Pat
当被明确观察到的时候，人们会更合作，仅仅让人们接触眼睛或面孔的图像就被证明增加了各种类型和不同背景下的合作，尽管有值得注意的，如果有争议的例外。这种“眼睛效应”对于它在现实世界中的潜在应用，以及它对声誉在人类合作演变和维持中的作用的影响，都是重要的。根据生物体最终对非信息性刺激停止反应的一般原理，我们预测，长时间暴露将消除眼睛效应。一项新的实验证实，在经济游戏中，短暂接触类似眼睛的图像的参与者比暴露在较长时间曝光条件下的参与者和处于对照条件下的参与者能得到更多的钱。长期暴露条件和对照条件之间没有慷慨的差异。此外，一项对25个眼睛效应实验的荟萃分析证实，短时间接触眼睛图像后，这种效应会可靠地出现，但长时间暴露后，这种效应就不会出现。理解错误线索对行为的限制有助于解决关于眼睛效应的经验差异，并免除声誉的重要性，即使在匿名的一次性互动中也是如此。(C)2013 Elsevier Inc.保留所有权利。
People are more cooperative when explicitly observed, and simply exposing people to images of eyes or faces has been shown to increase cooperation of various types and in various contexts, albeit with notable, if controversial, exceptions. This 'eyes effect' is important both for its potential real-world applications and for its implications regarding the role of reputation in the evolution and maintenance of human cooperation. Based on the general principle that organisms eventually cease responding to uninformative stimuli, we predicted that the eyes effect would be eliminated by prolonged exposure. A novel experiment confirmed that participants exposed briefly to an eye-like image gave more money in an economic game than those in a longer exposure condition and those in a control condition. There was no generosity difference between the long exposure and control conditions. Furthermore, a meta-analysis of 25 eyes effects experiments confirmed that the effect emerges reliably after short exposures to eye images, but not after long exposures. An understanding of the limits of false cues on behaviour helps resolve empirical discrepancies regarding the eyes effect and exonerates the importance of reputation even in anonymous, one-shot interactions. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.