Mercury as a global pollutant: sources, pathways, and effects.
Mercury as a global pollutant: sources, pathways, and effects.
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DOI：
10.1021/es305071v
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发表时间：
2013-05-21
影响因子：
11.4
通讯作者：
Pirrone, Nicola
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Driscoll, Charles T.;Mason, Robert P.;Chan, Hing Man;Jacob, Daniel J.;Pirrone, Nicola
汞（Hg）是一种全球性污染物，影响人类和生态系统的健康。我们综合了解来源，大气-陆地-海洋汞动力学和健康影响，并考虑汞控制政策的影响。主要人为汞排放量大大超过了自然地质来源，导致汞储存量增加，随后的二次汞排放促进了汞的全球分布。汞排放的最终归宿主要是腐殖土、深海沃茨和沉积物。汞排放向大部分不可利用的储存库的转移需要几个世纪的时间，主要是通过湿/干沉积物的大气交换以及植被、土壤有机物和海洋表面的逃逸。无机汞输入与人类和野生动物接触之间的一个关键联系是甲基汞的净生产，它主要发生在淡水、陆地和沿海环境以及地下海洋的还原区。人类接触甲基汞的增加主要是由于食用河口和海洋鱼类。发育中的胎儿最容易受到这种神经毒素的影响，但高度暴露的人群和野生动物的健康影响也是一个问题。需要将汞科学与国家和国际政策努力相结合，以确定努力目标并评估成效。
Mercury (Hg) is a global pollutant that affects human and ecosystem health. We synthesize understanding of sources, atmosphere-land-ocean Hg dynamics and health effects, and consider the implications of Hg-control policies. Primary anthropogenic Hg emissions greatly exceed natural geogenic sources, resulting in increases in Hg reservoirs and subsequent secondary Hg emissions that facilitate its global distribution. The ultimate fate of emitted Hg is primarily recalcitrant soil pools and deep ocean waters and sediments. Transfers of Hg emissions to largely unavailable reservoirs occur over the time scale of centuries, and are primarily mediated through atmospheric exchanges of wet/dry deposition and evasion from vegetation, soil organic matter and ocean surfaces. A key link between inorganic Hg inputs and exposure of humans and wildlife is the net production of methylmercury, which occurs mainly in reducing zones in freshwater, terrestrial, and coastal environments, and the subsurface ocean. Elevated human exposure to methylmercury primarily results from consumption of estuarine and marine fish. Developing fetuses are most at risk from this neurotoxin but health effects of highly exposed populations and wildlife are also a concern. Integration of Hg science with national and international policy efforts is needed to target efforts and evaluate efficacy.
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影响因子：
11.4
作者：
Chasar, Lia C.;Scudder, Barbara C.;Aiken, George R.
通讯作者：
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影响因子：
10.4
作者：
Axelrad, Daniel A;Bellinger, David C;Ryan, Louise M;Woodruff, Tracey J
通讯作者：
Woodruff, Tracey J
影响因子：
5.2
作者：
Branfireun, BA;Bishop, K;Nilsson, M
通讯作者：
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影响因子：
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作者：
Corbitt, Elizabeth S.;Jacob, Daniel J.;Holmes, Christopher D.;Streets, David G.;Sunderland, Elsie M.
通讯作者：
Sunderland, Elsie M.
DOI：
10.1073/pnas.0900517106
发表时间：
2009-06-02
影响因子：
11.1
作者：
Cooke, Colin A.;Balcom, Prentiss H.;Wolfe, Alexander P.
通讯作者：
Wolfe, Alexander P.