Antarctic Sea Ice Biota
Antarctic Sea Ice Biota
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南极海冰生物群
DOI：
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发表时间：
1991
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
D. Garrison
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
D. Garrison
南极洲周围的海冰为从细菌到海鸟和哺乳动物等各种生物提供了广阔的栖息地。从历史上看，关于冰区生物群的大部分生态学研究都集中在近岸的固定冰上。直到最近十年，才在深水浮冰区域开展了类似的研究。这些研究表明，固定冰和浮冰在结构和物理特性上存在根本差异，这是近岸和海洋区域不同物理环境造成的。其他物理过程导致冰栖息地内部产生异质性，其范围从地理和区域尺度的斑块状到浮冰内部明显的垂直梯度不等。冰区生物群分布的显著模式在很大程度上可以用这些物理过程来解释。据报道，有200多种生物生活在南极海冰上、冰内或与海冰相关联。冰区生物群包括细菌、各种藻类、异养原生动物和小型后生动物。硅藻群落是唯一被充分了解、足以在不同栖息地之间进行比较的分类群。许多研究人员的研究表明，存在一些特定的硅藻群落，以及在冰和浮游生物中广泛分布的物种。冰也可能是构成浮游生物群落的物种的临时栖息地，因此为冰缘浮游生物的大量繁殖提供“种子种群”可能是冰区生物群的一个重要作用。冰中生物之间的营养相互作用表明，冰群落是一个具有完善的微生物食物网的真正群落。冰微生物群落可能是南极海洋食物网的重要组成部分，因为来自邻近浮游生物和底栖生物群落的大型消费者似乎以冰区生物群为食。
The sea ice surrounding Antarctica provides an extensive habitat for organisms ranging in size from bacteria to marine birds and mammals. Historically, most of the ecological work on the ice biota has focused in the nearshore land-fast ice. Only in the last decade have there been comparable studies in the deep-water pack ice regions. These studies have indicated that there are fundamental differences in structural and physical characteristics of fast and pack ice that are a result of differing physical regimes in near-shore and oceanic regions. Other physical processes act to create heterogeneity within the ice habitat that can range from geographic and regional scales of patchiness to a pronounced vertical gradient within ice floes. The conspicuous patterns in the distribution of the ice biota can be explained largely by these physical processes. Over 200 species have been reported living on, in, or in association with Antarctic sea ice. The ice biota includes bacteria, a variety of algae, heterotrophic protozoans and small metazoans. The diatom assemblages are the only taxonomic group that is known well enough to make comparisons among the various habitats. Studies by a number of workers suggest some specific diatom assemblages along with occurrence of species that are widely-distributed in both ice and plankton. Ice may also serve as a temporary habitat for species that also comprise planktonic communities, so that providing a "seed population" for ice edge plankton blooms may be an important role of the ice biota. Trophic interactions among organisms in ice suggest that the ice assemblage is a true community with a well-developed microbial food web. The ice microbial community may be an important part of the Antarctic marine food web because large consumers from the adjacent planktonic and benthic communities appear to feed on the ice biota.