Shallow Gas and the Development of a Weak Layer in Submarine Spreading, Hikurangi Margin (New Zealand)

Shallow Gas and the Development of a Weak Layer in Submarine Spreading, Hikurangi Margin (New Zealand)
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浅层气体和海底扩散过程中薄弱层的形成,Hikurangi 边缘(新西兰)

DOI:
10.1007/978-3-319-20979-1_42
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发表时间:
2016
期刊:
影响因子:
--
通讯作者:
Crutchley
Crutchley
中科院分区:
--
文献类型:
--
作者:
Micallef;Mountjoy;Krastel;Crutchley

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海底扩张是一种质量运动,涉及薄表层沉积物的延伸和破裂成连贯块体,以及它们在平缓倾斜的滑动面上的有限位移。其特有的海底特征是平行的海脊和海槽的重复模式,其方向垂直于物质运动的方向。我们使用多波束回声测深仪和2D多道地震数据,在新西兰北岛贫困湾以东的Hikurangi边缘上斜坡绘制了约30 km2的海底扩展图。这些数据表明,扩张发生在薄的、缓倾的、平行层状的粘土、粉砂和作为低位斜坡沉积的桑迪沉积单元中。更重要的是,高振幅和反极性地震反射体,我们解释为浅层天然气聚集的证据,广泛出现在上大陆坡的细沉积物中,但在扩展所在的地方,要么明显较弱,要么完全不存在。我们用这个证据提出,浅层气,通过产生孔隙压力,在建立海底扩张发生的破坏面发挥了关键作用。孔隙压力的其他动态变化可能是由末次冰盛期海平面下降和地震荷载引发的。
Submarine spreading is a type of mass movement that involves the extension and fracturing of a thin surficial layer of sediment into coherent blocks and their finite displacement on a gently sloping slip surface. Its characteristic seafloor signature is a repetitive pattern of parallel ridges and troughs oriented perpendicular to the direction of mass movement. We map ~30 km2of submarine spreads on the upper slope of the Hikurangi margin, east of Poverty Bay, North Island, New Zealand, using multibeam echosounder and 2D multichannel seismic data. These data show that spreading occurs in thin, gently-dipping, parallel-bedded clay, silt and sandy sedimentary units deposited as lowstand clinoforms. More importantly, high-amplitude and reverse polarity seismic reflectors, which we interpret as evidence of shallow gas accumulations, occur extensively in the fine sediments of the upper continental slope, but are either significantly weaker or entirely absent where the spreads are located. We use this evidence to propose that shallow gas, through the generation of pore pressure, has played a key role in establishing the failure surface above which submarine spreading occurred. Additional dynamic changes in pore pressure could have been triggered by a drop in sea level during the Last Glacial Maximum and seismic loading.
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