Insiders and Outsiders: A Chapter in the Sociology of Knowledge
Insiders and Outsiders: A Chapter in the Sociology of Knowledge
复制标题
局内人和局外人：知识社会学的一章
DOI：
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发表时间：
1972
影响因子：
4.4
通讯作者：
R. Merton
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
R. Merton
知识社会学中建立的视角的社会相关性在社会大变革和冲突时期变得明显。冲突导致思想的完全功能化，而这种功能化只能根据所谓的社会、经济、政治或心理来源和功能来解释。今天，社会冲突的加深使知识社会学中的一个老问题重新变得重要：在获得新知识方面的社会模式化差异。随着群体和集体在社会两极分化的条件下变得更加自觉和团结，其成员往往要求获得某些知识的独特或特权。这可以被描述为局内人学说，其中包括相关的主张，即局外人在结构上没有能力获得这些知识。局外人学说涉及基于社会超然假设的获得知识的补充主张。内部人学说的理由进行检查，特别提到了“黑色社会科学”的倡导者，作为原型的情况下采取的其他内部人学说的基础上性别，年龄，宗教，国籍等结构分析的状态集表明，内部人和局外人的学说的基础上，隶属于一个单一的集体或占用一个单一的地位必然是不稳定的和不足的。本文最后通过研究内部人和外部人在社会知识形成中的独特互动作用，包括交换、权衡和综合。
The social relevance of perspective established in the sociology of knowledge becomes evident during times of great social change and conflict. Conflict makes for a total functionalizing of thought which is interpreted only in terms of its alleged social, economic, political, or psychological sources and functions. Deepened social conflict today renews the relevance of an old problem in the sociology of knowledge: socially patterned differentials in access to new knowledge. As groups and collectivities become more self-conscious and solidary under conditions of social polarization, their members tend to claim unique or privileged access to certain kinds of knowledge. This can be described as the doctrine of the Insider, which includes the correlative claim that the Outsider has a structurally imposed incapacity for access to such knowledge. Outsider doctrine involves complementary claims of access to knowledge grounded on the assumption of socially based detachment. The rationale of the Insider doctrine is examined, with special references to the advocates of a "black social science," a case taken as prototypical for other Insider doctrines based on sex, age, religion, nationality, etc. Structural analysis in terms of status sets indicates that Insider and Outsider doctrines based on affiliation with a single collectivity or occupancy of a single status are necessarily unstable and inadequate. The paper concludes by examining the distinctive interactive roles of Insiders and Outsiders that involve interchange, tradeoffs, and syntheses in the formation of social knowledge.