“Laughter” and “Smile” in Barbary Macaques (Macaca sylvanus)
“Laughter” and “Smile” in Barbary Macaques (Macaca sylvanus)
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巴巴利猕猴（Macaca sylvanus）的“笑声”和“微笑”
DOI：
10.1111/j.1439-0310.1992.tb00864.x
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发表时间：
2010
期刊：
影响因子：
1.7
通讯作者：
S. Preuschoft
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
S. Preuschoft
在一项对半自由巴巴里猕猴的观察研究中，研究了人类笑声和微笑的系统发育根源是否可以追溯到猕猴属。在形态相似性的基础上，“放松的张开嘴”作为笑声的系统发育先驱，“沉默的露出牙齿”作为微笑的可能祖先，可以在巴巴里猕猴的语言中区分出来。分析了焦点动物协议的行为序列，以确定两种显示的信息和意义。在幼鱼的游戏互动中，经常观察到放松的张开嘴。它与伴侣导向的行为有关，接受者通常会放松地张开嘴，并伴有一种特殊的声音。尽管多达50%的青少年的游戏伙伴比他们自己的等级高，但自愿参与是规则。最典型的是，双方的行为模式都是高度对称和同步的。
In an observational study on semi-free Barbary macaques it was investigated whether the phylogenetic roots of human laughter and smile can be traced back to the genus Macaca. On the basis of morphological similarity a ‘relaxed open-mouth display’ as the phylogenetic precursor of the laughter, and a ‘silent bared-teeth display’ as the possible ancestor of the smile can be distinguished in the repertory of the Barbary macaque. Behavioural sequences from focal animal protocols were analyzed in order to establish message and meaning of both displays. Relaxed open-mouth display is regularly observed in the play interactions of juveniles. It is associated with partner-directed behaviour, it is frequently answered by a relaxed open-mouth display of the receiver, and accompanied by a special vocalization. Although up to 50% of the juvenile's play partners were higher ranking than themselves voluntary participation was the rule. Most characteristically, the behaviour patterns shown by both play partners are highly symmetrical and synchronized.
Silent bared-teeth display is typically accompanied by evasive or submissive body movements, and occurs primarily in dyadic interactions, mainly by the lower ranking individual. It is not an unidirectional sign of a linear dominance hierarchy, though. Silent bared-teeth display is a frequent answer to aggressive behaviour shown by the receiver. After its performance, an increase of body contact between sender and receiver was observed. Behavioural sequences of senders and receivers are complementary, but lose their asymmetry after occurrence of the display.
It is concluded that these results further support Van Hooff's (1972) view that human laughter and smile have different phylogenetic roots: while silent bared-teeth display is a signal of submission and appeasement, relaxed open-mouth display is rightly called the ‘play face’, and is an expression of fun.