Assessing Exposure to Unconventional Oil and Gas Development: Strengths, Challenges, and Implications for Epidemiologic Research.
Assessing Exposure to Unconventional Oil and Gas Development: Strengths, Challenges, and Implications for Epidemiologic Research.
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DOI：
10.1007/s40572-022-00358-4
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发表时间：
2022-09
影响因子：
7.9
通讯作者：
Saiers, James E.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Deziel, Nicole C.;Clark, Cassandra J.;Casey, Joan A.;Bell, Michelle L.;Plata, Desiree L.;Saiers, James E.
流行病学研究观察到，生活在非常规石油和天然气开发(UOGD)附近的人口的健康风险增加。在这篇叙述性综述中，我们讨论了流行病学研究中使用的或可用于流行病学研究的UOG暴露评估方法的优点和局限性，重点是儿童健康结果的研究。暴露评估面临的挑战包括：(1)具有不同时空模式的众多潜在应激源；(2)覆盖较长时期和过去发生的关键暴露窗口；(3)现有监测数据有限，以及收集新的暴露测量以捕捉时空变化的资源密集度。所有流行病学研究都使用基于邻近的模型进行暴露评估，而不是调查、生物监测或环境测量。几乎所有的研究都使用聚合体(而不是特定路径)模型，这是潜在危险的复杂组合的有用替代品。简单和不太具体的风险敞口评估方法在可伸缩性、可解释性和与具体政策倡议(如回落距离)的相关性方面具有好处。更详细和具体的模型和指标，包括分散方法和针对应激源的模型，可以减少暴露的错误分类，阐明潜在的暴露途径，并为排放控制和暴露缓解战略提供信息。虽然在大量人口中不太可行，但收集多媒体环境和生物暴露测量在队列子集中是可行的。这样的评估非常适合于深入了解与空间代用品相关的UOG相关应激源的存在和程度，并更好地阐明在儿童和成人中观察到的影响的合理性。
Epidemiologic studies have observed elevated health risks in populations living near unconventional oil and gas development (UOGD). In this narrative review, we discuss strengths and limitations of UOG exposure assessment approaches used in or available for epidemiologic studies, emphasizing studies of children’s health outcomes. Exposure assessment challenges include (1) numerous potential stressors with distinct spatiotemporal patterns, (2) critical exposure windows that cover long periods and occur in the past, and (3) limited existing monitoring data coupled with the resource-intensiveness of collecting new exposure measurements to capture spatiotemporal variation. All epidemiologic studies used proximity-based models for exposure assessment as opposed to surveys, biomonitoring, or environmental measurements. Nearly all studies used aggregate (rather than pathway-specific) models, which are useful surrogates for the complex mix of potential hazards. Simple and less-specific exposure assessment approaches have benefits in terms of scalability, interpretability, and relevance to specific policy initiatives such as set-back distances. More detailed and specific models and metrics, including dispersion methods and stressor-specific models, could reduce exposure misclassification, illuminate underlying exposure pathways, and inform emission control and exposure mitigation strategies. While less practical in a large population, collection of multi-media environmental and biological exposure measurements would be feasible in cohort subsets. Such assessments are well-suited to provide insights into the presence and magnitude of exposures to UOG-related stressors in relation to spatial surrogates and to better elucidate the plausibility of observed effects in both children and adults.
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作者：
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