Global climatology of surface water temperatures of large lakes by remote sensing
Global climatology of surface water temperatures of large lakes by remote sensing
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DOI：
10.1002/joc.4299
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发表时间：
2015-12-01
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影响因子：
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通讯作者：
MacCallum, Stuart
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作者：
Layden, Aisling;Merchant, Christopher;MacCallum, Stuart
利用沿轨扫描辐射计（ATSR）对1991-2011年全球246个大型湖泊的湖面水温进行了研究。从这些数据中得出的平均LSWT的气候周期在全球范围内量化了大型湖泊表面温度对太阳辐射和环境气象条件强迫的年度周期的响应。LSWT周期反映了在南纬1度到北纬12度之间的湖泊中，净太阳辐射每年两次达到峰值。对于没有湖泊平均季节性冰盖的湖泊，LSWT极端温度超过最高气温0.5-1.7摄氏度，最低气温0.7-1.9摄氏度。从南纬25度到北纬35度的湖泊夏季最大LSWT随海拔的增加呈线性下降; -3.76+/-0.17度Ckm（-1）（R-adj（2）= 0.95），略低于相应的气温随海拔-4.15+/-0.24度Ckm（-1）（R-adj（2）= 0.95）的下降。热带湖泊海拔高度对3 ~ 6月地表水温度-气温差变化的贡献率为0.78-0.83（R-adj（2）），随着海拔高度从500 ~ 1800 m增加，地表水温度-气温差减小1.9 ℃。我们将“开放水域阶段”定义为湖泊平均LSWT保持在4摄氏度以上的时间长度。湖泊平均开放水域阶段的开始和结束与春季和秋季0摄氏度气温过渡日之间存在很强的全球相关性（R-adj（2）= 0.74和0.80，分别），允许在没有LSWT观测的情况下对湖泊开放水域阶段的时间和长度进行良好的估计。湖深、湖高和距海岸的距离进一步解释了开放水域阶段开始和结束时湖间的一些变化。
Lake surface water temperatures (LSWTs) of 246 globally distributed large lakes were derived from Along-Track Scanning Radiometers (ATSR) for the period 1991-2011. The climatological cycles of mean LSWT derived from these data quantify on a global scale the responses of large lakes' surface temperatures to the annual cycle of forcing by solar radiation and the ambient meteorological conditions. LSWT cycles reflect the twice annual peak in net solar radiation for lakes between 1 degrees S to 12 degrees N. For lakes without a lake-mean seasonal ice cover, LSWT extremes exceed air temperatures by 0.5-1.7 degrees C for maximum and 0.7-1.9 degrees C for minimum temperature. The summer maximum LSWTs of lakes from 25 degrees S to 35 degrees N show a linear decrease with increasing altitude; -3.76+/-0.17 degrees Ckm(-1) (R-adj(2) = 0.95), marginally lower than the corresponding air temperature decrease with altitude -4.15+/-0.24 degrees Ckm(-1) (R-adj(2) = 0.95). Lake altitude of tropical lakes account for 0.78-0.83 (R-adj(2)) of the variation in the March to June LSWT-air temperature differences, with differences decreasing by 1.9 degrees C as the altitude increases from 500 to 1800m above sea level (a.s.l.) We define an 'open water phase' as the length of time the lake-mean LSWT remains above 4 degrees C. There is a strong global correlation between the start and end of the lake-mean open water phase and the spring and fall 0 degrees C air temperature transition days, (R-adj(2) = 0.74 and 0.80, respectively), allowing for a good estimation of timing and length of the open water phase of lakes without LSWT observations. Lake depth, lake altitude and distance from coast further explain some of the inter-lake variation in the start and end of the open water phase.