Spatial and Temporal Variations in SO2 and PM2.5 Levels Around Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai'i During 2007

DOI：

10.3389/feart.2020.00036

发表时间：

2020-02

期刊：

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其他

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作者：

Rachel C. W. Whitty;E. Ilyinskaya;E. Mason;P. Wieser;E. Liu;A. Schmidt;Tjarda Roberts;M. Pfeffer;B. Brooks;T. Mather;M. Edmonds;T. Elias;D. Schneider;C. Oppenheimer;A. Dybwad;P. Nadeau;C. Kern

火山造成的危害包括排放气体和颗粒，这些气体和颗粒可能会影响空气质量，破坏农业和基础设施。随着2018年夏威夷Kī劳埃亚火山的下东裂谷地带喷发，最近伴随着与空气质量严重影响相关的强烈火山脱气事件。这导致该火山的气体排放率相对于通常的排放值大幅增加，同时主要羽状物的来源转移到火山下侧的人口聚居区。这导致顺风向社区的空气质量下降。我们分析了夏威夷卫生部和国家公园管理局运营的永久性空气质量监测网络的开放数据，并报告了2007年至2018年大气二氧化硫和2010年至2018年PM2.5(直径为2.5μm的气溶胶颗粒物)的测量结果。在2018年LERZ喷发期间，通过社区运营的低成本PM2.5传感器网络收集了更多空气质量数据。从2007年到2018年，Kī劳埃亚火山排放量最显著的两次增加是：2008年开始的山顶喷发(从2008年到2018年5月，Kī劳埃亚的二氧化硫排放量平均为5-6千吨/天)和2018年LERZ喷发，当时二氧化硫排放量在6月达到每月平均200千吨/天。本文着重描述了2018年夏威夷火山喷发所产生的空气污染物以及火山空气污染事件的空间分布和严重程度。2010年至2018年期间，夏威夷火山喷发造成的空气质量最频繁和最严重的超标是美国环保署PM2.5日均值35μg/m~3。例如，在科纳，2018年5月29日，PM2.5的最高24小时平均质量浓度记录为59μg/m~3，这是2018年LERZ喷发期间录得的超过环保局空气质量阈值的8个超标之一，根据人类基因组学和核动力源网络测量，在过去8年中没有超标。根据本研究中选定的高密度地面站和核动力站的测量结果，在低热带区喷发期间，岛南部和西部的社区的二氧化硫空气污染最为严重，2018年5月在海洋景观(低热带区排放源以西100公里)记录到的最大24小时平均质量浓度为728μg/m~3。来自低成本传感器网络的数据与来自HDOH PM2.5仪器的数据具有很好的相关性，证实了这些低成本传感器提供了增强参考级仪器网络的强大手段。

Among the hazards posed by volcanoes are the emissions of gases and particles that can affect air quality and damage agriculture and infrastructure. A recent intense episode of volcanic degassing associated with severe impacts on air quality accompanied the 2018 lower East Rift Zone (LERZ) eruption of Kīlauea volcano, Hawai'i. This resulted in a major increase in gas emission rates with respect to usual emission values for this volcano, along with a shift in the source of the dominant plume to a populated area on the lower flank of the volcano. This led to reduced air quality in downwind communities. We analyse open-access data from the permanent air quality monitoring networks operated by the Hawai'i Department of Health (HDOH) and National Park Service (NPS), and report on measurements of atmospheric sulfur dioxide (SO2) between 2007 and 2018 and PM2.5 (aerosol particulate matter with diameter <2.5 μm) between 2010 and 2018. Additional air quality data were collected through a community-operated network of low-cost PM2.5 sensors during the 2018 LERZ eruption. From 2007 to 2018 the two most significant escalations in Kīlauea's volcanic emissions were: the summit eruption that began in 2008 (Kīlauea emissions averaged 5–6 kt/day SO2 from 2008 until summit activity decreased in May 2018) and the LERZ eruption in 2018 when SO2 emission rates reached a monthly average of 200 kt/day during June. In this paper we focus on characterizing the airborne pollutants arising from the 2018 LERZ eruption and the spatial distribution and severity of volcanic air pollution events across the Island of Hawai'i. The LERZ eruption caused the most frequent and severe exceedances of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) PM2.5 air quality threshold (35 μg/m3 as a daily average) in Hawai'i in the period 2010–2018. In Kona, for example, the maximum 24-h-mean mass concentration of PM2.5 was recorded as 59 μg/m3 on the twenty-ninth of May 2018, which was one of eight recorded exceedances of the EPA air quality threshold during the 2018 LERZ eruption, where there had been no exceedances in the previous 8 years as measured by the HDOH and NPS networks. SO2 air pollution during the LERZ eruption was most severe in communities in the south and west of the island, as measured by selected HDOH and NPS stations in this study, with a maximum 24-h-mean mass concentration of 728 μg/m3 recorded in Ocean View (100 km west of the LERZ emission source) in May 2018. Data from the low-cost sensor network correlated well with data from the HDOH PM2.5 instruments, confirming that these low-cost sensors provide a robust means to augment reference-grade instrument networks.

Spatial and Temporal Variations in SO2 and PM2.5 Levels Around Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai'i During 2007–2018

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