Physiological and ecological responses of crustaceans to ocean acidification
Physiological and ecological responses of crustaceans to ocean acidification
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DOI：
10.3354/meps09185
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发表时间：
2011-05
影响因子：
2.5
通讯作者：
NM Whiteley
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
NM Whiteley
海洋甲壳动物对海洋酸化的敏感性知之甚少，但可以通过结合生理和生态研究的数据进行评估。最危险的物种完全是海洋物种，适应环境变化的生理能力有限。它们是糟糕的离子和渗透压调节器，补偿酸碱紊乱的能力有限。这些问题在行动缓慢、相对不活跃的物种中变得更加复杂，因为它们的循环蛋白质水平低，缓冲能力低。生活在深海和极地栖息地等低能量环境中的物种特别脆弱，因为它们在环境变化方面受到代谢限制。海水中二氧化碳含量的升高，如预测的2300年的水平，已知对海洋甲壳类物种的钙化率有不同的影响，对产卵几乎没有影响，对生长速度和蜕皮频率有负面影响。在这些水平上，胚胎发育受到负面影响，但幼虫和幼虫阶段似乎不受影响，除非PCO2的变化伴随着温度的上升。总体而言，海洋甲壳类对预计到2100年和2300年的海水二氧化碳水平大致耐受，但仅在中期(几周)内，且仅在适应能力较强的物种中。生长速度的降低令人担忧，因为这些变化可能会影响物种的生存、分布和丰度。迫切需要进行研究，以评估在长期(几个月)暴露于相关的二氧化碳水平后，结合其他环境因素的变化，在甲壳类动物中确定的脆弱性模式是否仍具有相关性。
The sensitivity of marine crustaceans to ocean acidification is poorly understood, but can be assessed by combining data from physiological and ecological studies. The species most at risk are exclusively marine and have limited physiological capacities to adjust to environmental change. They are poor iono- and osmoregulators and have limited abilities to compensate for acid-base dis- turbances. The problems are compounded in slow-moving, relatively inactive species because they have low circulating protein levels and low buffering capacities. Species living in low-energy envi- ronments, such as deep-sea and polar habitats, are particularly vulnerable, because they are meta- bolically limited with respect to environmental change. Elevated pCO2 levels in seawater, such as those predicted for the year 2300, are known to have diverse effects on calcification rate, little effect on egg production and a negative effect on growth rate and moulting frequency in marine crustacean species. At these levels, embryonic development is negatively impacted, but larval and juvenile stages do not appear to be affected, unless the changes in pCO2 are accompanied by rising tempera- tures. Overall, marine crustaceans are broadly tolerant to the seawater pCO2 levels expected by 2100 and 2300, but only in the medium-term (weeks) and only in the more adaptable species. The reduc- tions in growth rate are of concern, as these changes could affect species survival, distribution and abundance. Studies are urgently needed to evaluate whether the patterns of vulnerability identified here in crustaceans will still be relevant after long-term (months) exposure to the relevant pCO2 lev- els, in combination with changes in other environmental factors.