Reproductive seasonality in primates: patterns, concepts and unsolved questions
Reproductive seasonality in primates: patterns, concepts and unsolved questions
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DOI：
10.1111/brv.12646
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发表时间：
2020-09-16
影响因子：
10
通讯作者：
Matsuda, Ikki
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Heldstab, Sandra A.;van Schaik, Carel P.;Matsuda, Ikki
灵长类动物，像其他哺乳动物一样，表现出一年一次的繁殖模式，从严格的季节性繁殖到在一年中的所有月份分娩，但调节这种变化的因素尚未完全了解。我们应用了分类描述和定量测量的基础上，每天在动物园观察到的出生高峰宽度，在141个灵长类物种的繁殖季节性，平均每种941出生事件。季节性繁殖的物种在交配季节开始时的绝对日长与自然栖息地和动物园的种群之间不相关。纬度范围的中点是与生殖季节性相关的主要因素，表明与光周期相关。妊娠期长短，年平均温度，自然饮食和马达加斯加原产地与生殖季节性的其他重要因素。出生季节随着地理来源纬度的增加而缩短，这与有利季节的长度减少相对应。妊娠期较长的物种的季节性较短的物种，可能是因为较短的妊娠期更容易促进生殖活动与年度周期的同步。生境条件与较高的年平均温度也与季节性繁殖，独立的纬度效应。在其自然饮食中具有高比例叶子的物种通常是非季节性的，可能是因为成熟叶子的可用性相对独立于季节。马达加斯加灵长类动物的出生比其他地区的物种更具季节性。这可能是由于马达加斯加灵长类动物的低静息代谢，马达加斯加生态系统的时间可预测性相对较高，或马达加斯加灵长类动物特有的历史限制。垂直范围表现出较弱的，但也显着的关联与生殖季节性。在自然栖息地进行季节性繁殖的物种中，较小的灵长类物种比较大的物种更有可能转向非季节性繁殖。在动物园中改变繁殖模式的物种百分比在灵长类动物中（30%）高于先前对食肉目和反刍目的研究（分别为13%和10%），反映了热带灵长类动物物种的浓度较高。当只比较在绝对纬度的自然栖息地中显示季节性繁殖的物种时，
Primates, like other mammals, exhibit an annual reproductive pattern that ranges from strictly seasonal breeding to giving birth in all months of the year, but factors mediating this variation are not fully understood. We applied both a categorical description and quantitative measures of the birth peak breadth based on daily observations in zoos to characterise reproductive seasonality in 141 primate species with an average of 941 birth events per species. Absolute day length at the beginning of the mating season in seasonally reproducing species was not correlated between populations from natural habitats and zoos. The mid-point of latitudinal range was a major factor associated with reproductive seasonality, indicating a correlation with photoperiod. Gestation length, annual mean temperature, natural diet and Malagasy origin were other important factors associated with reproductive seasonality. Birth seasons were shorter with increasing latitude of geographical origin, corresponding to the decreasing length of the favourable season. Species with longer gestation periods were less seasonal than species with shorter ones, possibly because shorter gestation periods more easily facilitate the synchronisation of reproductive activity with annual cycles. Habitat conditions with higher mean annual temperature were also linked to less-seasonal reproduction, independently of the latitude effect. Species with a high percentage of leaves in their natural diet were generally non-seasonal, potentially because the availability of mature leaves is comparatively independent of seasons. Malagasy primates were more seasonal in their births than species from other regions. This might be due to the low resting metabolism of Malagasy primates, the comparatively high degree of temporal predictability of Malagasy ecosystems, or historical constraints peculiar to Malagasy primates. Latitudinal range showed a weaker but also significant association with reproductive seasonality. Amongst species with seasonal reproduction in their natural habitats, smaller primate species were more likely than larger species to shift to non-seasonal breeding in captivity. The percentage of species that changed their breeding pattern in zoos was higher in primates (30%) than in previous studies on Carnivora and Ruminantia (13 and 10%, respectively), reflecting a higher concentration of primate species in the tropics. When comparing only species that showed seasonal reproduction in natural habitats at absolute latitudes