Planning and Design of Cost-effective Water Harvesting Structures for Efficient Utilization of Scarce Water Resources in Semi-arid Regions of Rajasthan, India
Planning and Design of Cost-effective Water Harvesting Structures for Efficient Utilization of Scarce Water Resources in Semi-arid Regions of Rajasthan, India
复制标题
印度拉贾斯坦邦半干旱地区高效利用稀缺水资源的经济高效集水结构的规划和设计
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发表时间：
2004
期刊：
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通讯作者：
Ankit Gupta
中科院分区：
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作者：
D. Machiwal;M. Jha;P. Singh;S. C. Mahnot;Ankit Gupta
在干旱和半干旱地区，由于降雨稀少和分布不均，水资源短缺是普遍现象，集水结构有可能通过提高作物产量和减少作物歉收风险来提高可耕地的生产力。在印度的拉贾斯坦邦的半干旱地区，现有的收集雨水的做法是通过无坑和土制蓄水池。由于建造这些建筑物的成本较高，技术要求较高，这些建筑物不被资源贫乏的当地人民所接受。因此，在本文件中，一些低成本的集水结构的详细设计，利用当地现有的材料和适应受益人的社会经济条件进行了讨论。提出并设计了两种具有成本效益的集水结构，包括分别用于小于10、10至20和20至30公顷集水区的高度为1、2和2.5 m的干石砌体和上游墙水泥砌体。对建造干砌石和上游墙水泥砌石集水结构、应急溢洪道、无坑和土制蓄水池所涉费用的分析表明，对于所有选定的高度，土制蓄水池的建造费用最低，而无坑的建造费用最高。然而，根据以往的经验，土垫不适合拉贾斯坦邦的半干旱地区。对拟建结构的经济评估表明，干砌石结构在该地区非常具有成本效益，效益成本比为3.5：1，净现值为Rs。102978.尽管经济指标排名上游墙水泥砌体结构低于干砌石砌体结构，但前者比后者具有更大的稳定性和强度。在实践中，既有成本效益高的集水结构（即，干砌石砌体和上游墙水泥砌体）在该地区得到了广泛的接受和普及，一些非政府组织采用了本文提出的设计。
Water-harvesting structures have the potential to increase the productivity of arable lands by enhancing crop yields and by reducingthe risk of crop failure in arid and semi-arid regions, where water shortages are common because of scanty rainfall and its uneven distribution. In semi-arid regions of Rajasthan, India, existing practice of harvesting rainwater is through anicut and earthen embankments. Because of higher costs and higher technical skills involved in the construction of these structures, these structures have not been accepted by the resource-poor local people. Therefore, in the present paper, the detailed design of some low-cost water-harvesting structures using locally available materials and adaptable to the socio-economic conditions of the beneficiaries is discussed. Two types of cost-effective water-harvesting structures, which include dry stone masonry and upstream-wall cement masonry of heights 1, 2, and 2.5 m for catchments of less than 10, 10 to 20, and 20 to 30 ha, respectively are proposed and designed. The analysis of costs involved in constructing dry stone masonry and upstream-wall cement masonry water-harvesting structures, emergency spillway, anicuts and earthen embankments revealed that the earthen embankments have the least cost of construction whereas the anicuts have the highest construction costs for all the selected heights. However, based on the past experiences, earthen embankments are not suitable for the semi-arid regions of Rajasthan. The economic evaluation of the proposed structures indicated that the dry stone masonry structures are very cost-effective for the region with a benefit-cost ratio of 3.5:1 and the net present worth value of Rs. 102978. Although the economic indicators ranked the upstream-wall cement masonry structures lower than the dry stone masonry structures, the former has greater stability and strength compared to the latter. In practice, both the cost-effective water-harvesting structures (i.e., dry stone masonry and upstream-wall cement masonry) are gaining wide acceptance and popularity in the region through some nongovernmental organizations, which have adopted the design presented in this paper.